Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Scandal in Bohemia Essay examples --

Adventures of operative Holmes and Scandal in BohemiaThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes was written by Sir Arthur ConanDoyle. The novel was graduation exercise published in 1892. A Scandal in Bohemia was a short story about a muliebrity who has pictures of herself and a high Englishnobleman. She used them to work him. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a novelist, a scout-story writer, and aphysician. He was born on May 22, 1859 and died on July 7, 1930. He beganwriting The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes in 1890 and finished writing it in1892. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was so successful in his writing that he gave uphis career as a physician only five years after the creation of Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson were created by Sir Arthur Conan Doylein a bar in England when Doyle was having legal problems. The story took place in March of 1888. Sherlock Holmes resided at 221B baker Street in London, England. Inside his room were all in all the materials heneeded to use to s olve his cases One night, it was on the twentieth of March 1888, I was returning from a journey to a patient, when my way led me through Baker Street. His rooms were brilliantly lit, and, even as I looked up I saw his tall, spare figure pass twice in a gamey silhouette against the blind. The second half of the story took place at Briony Lodge. This is where IreneAdler resided. Her house had a small garden and was two stories high. The story began when Doctor Watson visited Sherlock Holmes. Holmestold Watson that he needed his help on a case. The case involved pictures ofthe queen regnant of Bohemia and a woman named Irene Alder. The King of Bohemiawas going to marry a woman he loved, but Irene Alder blackmailed him withthe pictures. Irene Alder was in love with the King and did not want him tomarry another woman. Sherlock Holmes came up with a plan to stand the pictures back from IreneAlder. Holmes had a group of his friends cause a commotion with Irene in frontof her house. Then , Holmes dashed into the crowd to pretend that he wasprotecting the woman and was punched by one of the men. He had concealed asmall amount of rubicund paint in his hand. When the fight was broken up, Holmeswas on the ground with the paint on his face. He pretended that he wasseriously wound and was brought into Irenes house. While Holmes was being cared for by Irene and a small crowd of people,Doctor Watson sent a smoke rocket into h... ... human is perfect.Many people believed that Sherlock Holmes was the perfect detective and thathe would never lose a case. This short story proved these people wrong.Sherlock Holmes was able to find out where the pictures were and was able toexecute his plan. However, Irene Alder outsmarted Holmes by leaving thehouse in advance being caught. Fortunately for both the King of Bohemia andSherlock Holmes, she found a man that she loved and did not blackmail theKing anymore. If she did not love this man, it is probable that she would still beblackm ailing the King and tSherlock Holmes would have to begin the caseagain. A Scandal in Bohemia is a short story that received more attention thanany other one written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It received this attentionbecause Sherlock Holmes, for the first time, is outwitted. Sir Arthur ConanDoyle uses deductive reasoning, which is when reasoning is used to form themost likely conclusion. He also used irony, which is a contrast between the waythings face to be and the way they turn out. Irene Alder thought that SherlockHolmes was injured and had blood running down his face, but he really was justpretending to be hurt and red paint was on his face.

Eastern Airlines Facing Bankruptcy :: essays research papers

Eastern Airlines Facing BankruptcyIn 1986, Eastern Airlines was in desparate trouble. The fourthquarter of 1985 had shown a $67.4 million loss, and financially expertshad told weenie Borman, president and chief executive officer, that theairline had three choices 1) a 20 percent pay cut for all union andnoncontract employees. 2) Filing for Chapter 11 (bankruptcy) or 3) Sellingthe airline. On February 23, 1986, Easterns be on of directors met to decidethe fate of the company.Frank Borman, quickly left his home in Coral Gables to Building 16at Miami transnational Airport that Sunday evening, to discuss plans on savingthe airlines. The board of directors had severanceed for dinner followingafternoon session and was scheduled to convene at 730 p.m. At the earliermeeting, Wayne Yeoman, senior vice president for finance, had spent most ofthe time outlining the details of Texas Airs offer to buy Eastern. FrankLorenzo and Frank Borman had been public lecture since December originallyab out consolidating the computerized reservation systems, then , asEasterns problems deepen, about a possible sale.As Frank entered his office, he found his his loyal excutive protagonistWayne Yeoman and Dick Magurno, Easterns senior vice president for legalaffairs. For about 20 minutes the three discussed the fourthcoming meetingand the prospects for saving the airline. Negotiations were going to comewell-nigh for ALPA and TWU but no break from the IAM. The IAM would not budgesince Charlie Byran, head of the machinists union, stood firm against a 20percent wage cut.At 730 the board meeting began with the discussion of the Texas Airoffer, concentrating on some of the conditions attached to the buying of thecompany. More talk and hours dragged on. Finally word got out that ALPA wasnearing an agreement. The meeting recessed for an hour.During the recess Frank needed to get Charlies surport on the 20percent pay cut, otherwise the company was going to sold. He told Charlie tocome up to h is office. Frank told Charlie, " weve been at this since 83 andyou have to recognize it cant go on. I have every reason to believe that thepilots and flight attendants are going to give us what we need. I last itsmore difficult for you because your contract is not open. But I know youhave a sense of history. We have a very good luck to cure this airline,and if you just understand this, in the long run youll come out a stronger,more admirable person. Choose the harder right instead of the easier wrong, and

Theme, Subject and Meaning in Breathless and Citizen Kane :: Film Movies

Theme, Subject and Meaning in Breathless and Citizen KaneMany devices such as theme, subject and heart and soul reflect different aspects of a film. The time and place that the celluloid is do are usually affected however this. A great example of this would be the film Breathless, directed by Godard. This is a story of the love between a small-time crook who is wanted for killing a cop, and an American charr who works for a French newspaper. Their relationship develops as the man hides out from the police. Breathless uses the famous techniques of the French New Wave location shooting, improvised dialogue, and a loose narrative form. Godard also uses cuts that seem, to jump from one scene to another, with what seem to be deliberate mismatches between shots. This is what makes this movie so special. It could never have been made before it had been. It was made in the post worlds War II era in the year 1959. The plot and subjects reflect this, because there really is no major (ip) plot except for the one that I have already described. This was a revolutionary movie in that aspect. This movie was made in France, partly because that was where it was set, but mainly because that is where the new director could afford to make such a makeshift movie. Another example of a movie that shares such aspects is Citizen Kane. There are many references in this fictional movie to a non-fictional man. This man would be William Randolph Hearst. He was a self made millionaire quite like the main fictitious character of the movie. Hearst was also was in the business of journalism. He lived a very eccentric life like that of Kanes. He was politically involved in the 1930s as a pro-Nazi and in the 40s as an anti-communist. This was similar to Kanes character that ran for office in New York. While Kane enjoyed the luxuries of Xanadu, Hearst had his own castle at San Simeon. These are the similarities on screen between the two, but behind the scenes there was a heated d ebate over the making of this movie. Hearst did not want this movie made even though it was not exactly a portrayal of his life.

Child Abuse and Violence Against Females Essay -- Domestic Violence Es

Domestic force play is a pattern of behavior used to imbed power and control over an differentwise person through awe and intimidation, often including the threat or use of military force. Other terms for municipal abandon include intimate partner violence, battering, relationship ill-treat, wedding abuse, or family violence. Domestic violence and abuse can happen to some(prenominal)one, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, income, or other factors. Both women and men can be victims of domestic violence.It is widely assumed that most estimates of the incidence of domestic violence atomic number 18 underestimates. Even large universe of discourse surveys cannot provide accurate estimates of the extent of domestic violence. This is part because many victims feel unable to speak out about domestic violence. The pressures of negative community attitudes toward victims, feelings of shame, and fear of retribution from the perpetrator contribute to low le vels of apocalypse of domestic violence. Also, because domestic violence often occurs in the privacy of the home, there are few extraneous witnesses. Surveys often require fluency in English, which delegacy that the experience of community from non-English speaking background may not be adequately represented. Statistics from unexclusive agencies much(prenominal) as police, courts, counseling and accommodation services are another source of information. However, these can only provide information about people who come to public attention, many victims never contact such agencies. several(prenominal) agencies do not collect statistics on domestic violence, and those that do define and record domestic violence in different ways. The Womens Safety Survey in 1996 surveyed approximately 6,300 women about their experience of actual or threatened physical and sexual violence. Based on the survey results, they estimated that, in the 12 months prior to complete the survey7.1 % of the adult female population experienced violence. 6.2% of women experienced violence perpetrated by a male, and 1.6% experienced violence perpetrated by a female. 2.6% of women who were married or in a defacto relationship had experienced violence perpetrated by their current partner. 4.8% of unmarried women had experienced violence by their previous partner in the stand up 12 months. Of women who had been physically assaulted in the 12-month period, 58% spoke to a friend or neighb... ...ability, appearance and so on. having familiar belongings of pets destroyed.All of these behaviors can crown to developmental problems in children that can happen at any age. Violence soon becomes a wise to(p) behavior and can be reproduced in other aspects of their life, such as school, dating, and other interpersonal relationships. These changes can be life-long and affect many other people than just the abused person. Both child abuse and violence against women are extremely detrimental to the i nstitution of marriage and family. It can tear family apart, beyond any repair, and destroy the lives of all who are involved. Bibliography1. Violence and the Family, identify of the APA Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family, 2007.2. Dating Violence Young Women in Danger. Barrie Levy. 2003. The lettre de cachet Press.3. Parental Kidnaping, Domestic Violence and Child convolute Changing Legal Responses to Related Violence. American Prosecutors Research Institutes National center for Prosecution of Child cry out Parental Kidnaping Project, by Eva J. Klain, March 2005.4. National conglutination Against Domestic Violence, http//www.ncadv.org/ Child Abuse and Violence Against Females Essay -- Domestic Violence EsDomestic violence is a pattern of behavior used to establish power and control over another person through fear and intimidation, often including the threat or use of violence. Other terms for domestic violence include intimate partner violence, battering, relationship abuse, spousal abuse, or family violence. Domestic violence and abuse can happen to anyone, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, income, or other factors. Both women and men can be victims of domestic violence.It is widely assumed that most estimates of the incidence of domestic violence are underestimates. Even large population surveys cannot provide accurate estimates of the extent of domestic violence. This is partly because many victims feel unable to speak out about domestic violence. The pressures of negative community attitudes toward victims, feelings of shame, and fear of retribution from the perpetrator contribute to low levels of disclosure of domestic violence. Also, because domestic violence often occurs in the privacy of the home, there are few outside witnesses. Surveys often require fluency in English, which means that the experience of people from non-English speaking background may not be adequately represented. Statis tics from public agencies such as police, courts, counseling and accommodation services are another source of information. However, these can only provide information about people who come to public attention, many victims never contact such agencies. Some agencies do not collect statistics on domestic violence, and those that do define and record domestic violence in different ways. The Womens Safety Survey in 1996 surveyed approximately 6,300 women about their experience of actual or threatened physical and sexual violence. Based on the survey results, they estimated that, in the 12 months prior to completing the survey7.1 % of the adult female population experienced violence. 6.2% of women experienced violence perpetrated by a male, and 1.6% experienced violence perpetrated by a female. 2.6% of women who were married or in a defacto relationship had experienced violence perpetrated by their current partner. 4.8% of unmarried women had experienced violence by their previous partne r in the last 12 months. Of women who had been physically assaulted in the 12-month period, 58% spoke to a friend or neighb... ...ability, appearance and so on. having familiar belongings of pets destroyed.All of these behaviors can lead to developmental problems in children that can happen at any age. Violence soon becomes a learned behavior and can be reproduced in other aspects of their life, such as school, dating, and other interpersonal relationships. These changes can be life-long and affect many other people than just the abused person. Both child abuse and violence against women are extremely detrimental to the institution of marriage and family. It can tear family apart, beyond any repair, and destroy the lives of all who are involved. Bibliography1. Violence and the Family, Report of the APA Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family, 2007.2. Dating Violence Young Women in Danger. Barrie Levy. 2003. The Seal Press.3. Parental Kidnaping, Domestic Violence and Chil d Abuse Changing Legal Responses to Related Violence. American Prosecutors Research Institutes National center for Prosecution of Child Abuse Parental Kidnaping Project, by Eva J. Klain, March 2005.4. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, http//www.ncadv.org/

Dialectic of the Union Blockade during the Civil War Essay -- U.S. His

The Civil War in the United States from 1861 to 1865 serves as a blue-blooded reminder of how disjointed a nation can become over issues that persistently cause heated debate among party factions. Most students that have interpreted courses in American history understand the disadvantage possessed by the Confederate States of America as they fought against the powerful Union army for what they perceived as a necessary institution of slavery. Historians have debated over the effectiveness of the blockade and if it was important in creating the failures faced by the Confederate States of America. This debate has generated the contested fountainhead of Did the Union blockade succeed in the American Civil War? The blockade, whether considered a success or an absolute failure on the part of the Union, holds solemn significance in the history of the United States. The increased development in the Unions naval department correlates directly with the necessity of possessing ships that cou ld withstand the scourge of blockade running. This dialectic will focus on two opposing theses on the matter of how successful the Union blockade was in guaranteeing a supremacy for the Union. Within Reassessment of the Union Blockades Effectiveness in the Civil War, M. Brem Bonner and Peter McCord make an argument for the success of the blockade by assessing statistical data comprised from the efforts of blockade-runners to breach the hindrance caused by the Union. The authors frequently employ the objecting side of the effectiveness argument when discussing the legality of the blockade and the successes some blockade-runners had in smuggling goods in and out of the Confederacy. On the opposing side of the argument, Daniel OFlaherty condemns the blockade as ineffecti... ...he historian who reviews the event. The Confederates were able to continue blockade running up until the conclusion of the fight, slice the Union strengthened its navy in order to compensate for the imbalanc e of ship maneuverability. If the blockade proved completely effective, the supplies Confederate soldiers possessed throughout the war would have unobtainable via blockade running. It would also distort the history of the Civil War to name the blockade as the main reason for the Souths deterioration, when it only aided to existing problems leading to the conclusion to the war after the Souths surrender.Works CitedBonner, Michael Brem and Peter McCord. Reassessment of the Union Blockades Effectiveness in the Civil War. The North Carolina Historical Review (2011) 375-395.OFlaherty, Daniel. The Blockade that Failed. American Heritage 6.5 (1955).

dynamics of founder effect :: essays papers

dynamics of get together effectPopulations are divided by geographic boundaries, confining a specific persona/group of people to share and distribute its genetic traits within themselves without outward influence. The size of these populations is dependant upon whether certain mountains, rivers, deserts, oceans, or other extreme geographical, cultural, or technological conditions determine the tendency for isolation or migration. Most modern populations were originally settled by a relatively small handful of people that for whatsoever reason migrated to a new uninhabited area, and then multiplied. The genetic code of those founding individuals mammothly determines the genetic code of future generations, making that area distinctive having its future generations genetic code modeled after the original founders. Analyzing the founders of populations requires written or physical evidence to identify any possible founder of a population. So to analyze modern founding fathers is re latively easier in comparison to older founding fathers because of a lack of physical evidence for older populations. For a recently founded population such as the French settlers that migrated to the Chicoutimi region of Quebec, Canada in the 1940s there is a collection of written knowledge slightly its inhabitants over that time. That information can identify the specifics person/persons that might have founded that population. Other populations that we have a large collection of knowledge regarding its founders take on white Australians, African-Americans, as well as certain Caribbean populations. In contrast, trying to determine the founding fathers whom settled North America from Asia about fifteen universal gravitational constant years ago is much more difficult because there is so little recorded evidence and knowledge of that time period. This makes it difficult to determine the founders of the large populations we know today. Equatorial Africa was occupied by mostly Bu shmen and Pygmies until about two kB years ago, when the Bantu speaking people of the Congo region actual agriculture, iron, and domesticated animals. Following those advances the small number of Bantu multiplied until they overran half the African continent, pushing the Pygmies and Bushmen into areas unsuitable for farmland. The Bantu peoples thereby founded the entire gene share of subequatorial Africa anew a mere 2,000 years ago. Europes founding fathers came largely within two migrations one being farmers form the Near due east about eight thousand years ago settling largely along the Mediterranean the second being from Southern Russia about six thousand years ago populating northern and western Europe.The genetic traits of the founders of a population can be positive, negative, or neutral.

dynamics of founder effect :: essays papers

dynamics of throw effectPopulations are divided by geographic boundaries, confining a specific role/group of people to share and distribute its genetic traits within themselves without outward influence. The size of these populations is dependant upon whether certain mountains, rivers, deserts, oceans, or other extreme geographical, cultural, or proficient conditions determine the tendency for isolation or migration. Most modern populations were originally settled by a relatively small handful of people that for whatever reason migrated to a new uninhabited area, and then multiplied. The genetic code of those founding individuals puffyly determines the genetic code of future generations, making that area classifiable having its future generations genetic code modeled after the original founders. Analyzing the founders of populations requires written or physical evidence to identify any possible founder of a population. So to analyze modern founding fathers is relatively easier i n comparison to aged(a) founding fathers because of a lack of physical evidence for older populations. For a recently founded population such as the French settlers that migrated to the Chicoutimi region of Quebec, Canada in the 1940s there is a collection of written knowledge round its inhabitants over that time. That information can identify the specifics person/persons that might have founded that population. Other populations that we have a large collection of knowledge regarding its founders include white Australians, African-Americans, as well as certain Caribbean populations. In contrast, trying to determine the founding fathers whom settled North America from Asia about fifteen mebibyte years ago is much more difficult because there is so little recorded evidence and knowledge of that time period. This makes it difficult to determine the founders of the large populations we know today. Equatorial Africa was occupied by mostly Bushmen and Pygmies until about two 1000 ye ars ago, when the Bantu speaking people of the Congo region develop agriculture, iron, and domesticated animals. Following those advances the small number of Bantu multiplied until they overran half the African continent, pushing the Pygmies and Bushmen into areas unsuitable for farmland. The Bantu peoples thereby founded the entire gene consortium of subequatorial Africa anew a mere 2,000 years ago. Europes founding fathers came largely within two migrations one being farmers form the Near atomic number 99 about eight thousand years ago settling largely along the Mediterranean the second being from Southern Russia about six thousand years ago populating northern and western Europe.The genetic traits of the founders of a population can be positive, negative, or neutral.

Facebook in Academic Institutions Essay

1. Summary.Whilst the majority of educatees necessitate Facebook profiles, likely to defend academician institutions was seen in its features. This paper provides a generalization of several case studies well-nigh the consumption of Facebook in several universities. It offers an overview of the benefits, constraints and limitations of the suggested practices. The report shows that although Facebook implementation faced partial success, most of the respondents strongly believed that it should remain a forum except for cordial networking, not a platform for formal academic entropy.2. Terms of reference.Social networking sites, especi every(prenominal)y Facebook, spend a penny gained wide popularity in the last few years. They provide a variety of excerpts much(prenominal) as assort setting, live chat and online discussion forum. This structure made it possible to expand and go beyond the boundaries of being tools utilised only for merchandise and social action. Bearing in mind that their main users are individuals at the age of 18-24, they offer a good potential for academic and educational purposes. owe to the growing interest to the topic, I have been commissioned by the Senior Management Group of the University to investigate whether academic institutions use them in order to interact with students. The purpose of this report is to find out demo and outcomes of such implementation in the academic community. Although the collected results appear to be somehow contradictory, the dilemma whether Facebook batch be both a social and academic forum seems to have a straightforward answer.3. Procedure.To analyse the university strategies regarding social platforms, a review of library evidence and instances was conducted. In order to retrieve materials of high quality and authority, the search was conducted in Google Scholar and Library Catalogue Plus. Since much more research is done on the social aspects and privacy issues regarding Facebook, adva nced searching was used in order to ignore the irrelevant information. Due to the recent nature of the topic, the scope of the articles and journals was limited to publications from the by five years, 2007-2012. The findings are overviews of case studies based on the practices in USA, Italy and South Africa withprevailing number of undergraduates as main respondents. Because of the variety of social networking sites, the study is principally focused on Facebook since it has its roots in the academic environment and in this focus it is distinctive from the rest of its kind (Bosh 2009, p.191).4. Findings.Academic institutions realised that Facebook is a permeating element in every students life (Roodt et al. 2009, 16). Adopting this new approach of getting in touch with their target audiences was a challenging way to increase engagement. The literature review shows that the official presence of universities on Facebook has recently increased. Not only is the presence on Facebook i mportant for attracting potential students, but it in addition provides advantages for enrol take ones. They already have the experience and the knowledge how to use it, which leads to easy incorporation for the purpose of distributing academic information (Bosh 2009, p.191). Apart from being a powerful trade tool, Facebook is used as a mechanism for* Online discussion on topics covered in lectures* Administrative and departmental arrangements* Module information4.1 Online discussion forum.Overall, no a posteriori evidence was found more or less Facebook used as a sole platform for academic interaction. It was used as a complement to the vivacious accomplishment circumspection systems (LMS) web sites, Blackboard, etc. The established Blackboards have proved to be successful tools for information retrieval. Most of them have a discussion forum, but it has seldom been used for dialogue (Hrastinski & Aghaee 2011, p.453). Case studies in a Comprehensive Disease Management cours e and at University of Cape Town reveal that the respondents seldom have a look at the discussion board. Due to its features allowing immediate responses, Facebook offers potential to bastinado the lack of dialogue among students. However, there were opponents to this idea who strongly believed that the existing LMS was usable and were unwilling to have discussions in a separate forum (Wang et al. 2012, p.431).This was not an impediment since participation was optional. As a result, learners became more engaged since formulating thoughts online was easier and topics could be discussed more in depth (Cain & Policastri 2011,p.7). Many students struggle to raise questions and participate actively during lectures and tutorials. Therefore, social platforms facilitate and promote the development of analytical skills allowing everyone to take part. The improved take aim of talk had impact on the classroom climate leading to higher motivation (Loving & Ochoa 2011, p.129). This transitio n from passive learner to active participant is beneficial (Selwyn 2009, p.158).It raises student motivation and engagement. Nevertheless, many like Bosh (2009) argue that it does not promote critical thinking since the so-called Google generation assumes social platforms primarily as a way of entertainment. Another drawback of online discussions is that responds are listed in a chronological order, not in threads, which makes it difficult to follow the logical links between comments (Wang et al. 2012, p.436).4.2 Administrative and departmental arrangements.According to Malesky & Peters (2011), given the large number of students on social networks, multiple university departments and faculties use social platforms to disseminate information to learners. A large number of youngsters have permanent Internet connection on their smartphones and checks their profiles quite often. Therefore, Facebook is utilised for relaying last-minute information about schedules and venues because stude nts are more likely to be on Facebook or else than to check their email (Selwyn 2009, p.163). Important issue to be taken into account here is the authority of the information. It will be assumed as reliable only if it is posted by a member of the academic staff. In addition, departmental pages are good way to get in touch with students, especially during holidays when the existing LMS is rarely visited (Bosh 2009, p. p.187).For example, at Northeastern University of Boston the initial skepticism of viewing course-related posts in a platform primarily used for social interaction faltering away and at the end 57% of the respondents were convinced it was useful (DiVall & Kirwin 2012, p.4). Another important implication of faculty pages is that they create a virtual campus environment where all students can communicate and learn from each other (Bosh 2009, p.195). It is beneficial especially for current students who have the chance to talk and exchange experience with the alumni and graduates they will neer meet.Maintaining goodstudent-faculty relationship through Facebook also reflects on student satisfaction about the quality of the service provided. However, time-constraints and costs of such implementation should be guardedly considered before integration since the staff is already maintaining the other course management software (DiVall & Kirwin 2012, p.2). It is a powerful tool for small institutions which cannot afford to purchase a Blackboard (Wang et al. 2012, p.434), but its limitations such as safety and partial participation prevent it from being used as a main tool for information dissemination.4.3 training about modules.Module information was posted in a specially established Facebook groups. This format was chosen instead of a page because of the option to set up a closed community. It was perceived as controlled environment since the lecturer was the one who could add and remove members (Wang et al. 2012, p.436). Generally, feedback about thi s practice was positive. Apart from communication about assignments, research findings and current affairs, the group wall was a suitable platform for resource and materials sharing videos, photos, links to external articles were uploaded which were useful for those willing to hold up their knowledge beyond the lecture material (Estus 2010, p.3). However, it was not considered as a complete success due to the inability to support resources in other formats (Wang et al. 2012, p.434). To overcome this problem, additional applications such as Google Docs were used in order to extend Facebook capabilities.Despite this, lectures preferred the traditional Blackboard due to the ease of use. Another advantage of this practice was the positive impact on student-lecturer communication. The virtual office hours allowed learners to contact tutors and lecturers in a less pressured environment (Bosh 2009, p.195). This is important for the better understanding of the look since learners felt mo re comfortable to raise their questions on the platform. In addition, lectures profiles could enhance their credibility because students see the similarities between the lecturer and themselves (Wang et al. 2012, p.437).Taking into account that it is a dual-side communication process, the other party (students) revealed that they did not want to be contacted by tutors because it is a social forum for getting in touch with peers and they try to separate social life from education (Madge et al.2009, 150). Friendship with lecturers was possible but it seldom happened because students were cautious that this could affect their ability to be objective (Malesky & Peters 2012, p.138). Further weaknesses of Facebook here were the inability to support grade notification, assignment uploading and online testing (Loving & Ochoa 2011, p.129).5. Conclusion and recommendation.Although literature provides not enough empirical evidence, it is clear that students prefer to keep the divide between th eir social and academic space. Facebook has suitable affordances, which allow its utilisation as an educational platform as well. Successful practices were found where it has been used as supplement to the existing learning management system for resource sharing and module and academic information dissemination. However, further research has to be done to investigate the links and synergies between both in order to find the best way they could successfully work together. When it comes to the implementation of Facebook practices in a particular university, it should be carefully considered whether weaknesses are outweighted by potential advantages.Since the literature review shows that Facebook brings a little contribution to the functions of the existing Blackboard, Loughborough University should not invest time and efforts into setting up pages and groups. It is perceived as an intrusive assault into a jell students feel as theirs (Loving & Ochoa 2011, p.124). LEARN and student e mails already successfully execute the functions Facebook could be used for. Lectures, tutors and academic staff could be contacted at any time and the discussion forum is well-developed. Therefore, a possible integration of Facebook is not worth efforts. Even though it has a potential, it should remain a place for social interaction and not for formal university practices.6. Word count.The report contains 1504 words.7. References.Bosch, T., 2009. Using online social networking for teaching and learning Facebook use at the University of Cape Town. South African Journal for Communication Theory and Researchonline, 35(2), 185-200., accessed 21.05.12.Cain, J. & Policastri, A., 2011. Using Facebook as an informal learning environment. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Edducationonline, 75(10), 1-8. , accessed 18.05.12.DiVall, M. & Kirwin, J., 2012. Using Facebook to facilitate course-related discussion between students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Edducationonline, 76(2), 1-5. , accessed 18.05.12.Estus, E., 2010. Using Facebook within a Geriatric Pharmacotherapy Course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Edducationonline, 74(8), 1-5. , accessed 21.05.12Hrastinski, S. & Aghaee, N., 2011. How are campus students using social media to support their studies?. Education and Information Technologiesonline, 17(4), 451-464. , accessed 20.05.12. Loving, M. & Ochoa, M., 2011. Facebook as a classroom management solution. New Library Worldonline, 113(3), 121-130. , accessed 20.05.12.Madge, C. et al., 2009. Facebook, social integration and informal learning at university It is more for socializing and talking to friends about work than for actually doing work. Learning, Media and Technologyonline, 34(2), 141-155. , accessed 20.05.12. Malesky, L. & Peters, C., 2011. Defining appropriate professional behavior for faculty and university students on social networking websites. Higher Educationonline, 63(1), 131-151., accessed 21.05.12. Mazman, S. & Usluel,Y., 2010. Modelin g educational usage of Facebook. Computers & Educationonline, 55(2), 444-453. , accessed 18.05.2012. Roodt, S., Cloete, S. & De Villiers, C., 2009. Facebook as an academic tool for ICT lecturers. Annual conference of Southern African Computer Lecturers Associationonline, 29 June-1 July. Eastern Cape SACLA, 16-22. , accessed 22.05.12.Selwyn, N., 2009. Faceworking exploring students educationrelated use of Facebook. Learning, Media and Technologyonline, 34(2), 157-174. http//dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439880902923622, accessed 21.05.12.Wang, Q. et al., 2012. Using the Facebook group as a learning management system an exploratory study. British Journal of Educational Technology online, 43(3), 428438. , accessed 19.05.12.Appendix 1Search strategyExisting literature about Facebook is focused more on social networking and privacy issues. Since the study needed more education-oriented materials, the initial search in Google and Wikipedia was not useful enough because it led to more general resul ts. The main information retrieval tools used during the investigation were Google Scholar, Library Catalogue Plus and some additional databases found through the assign Database option. In order to avoid a large amount of inappropriate materials, only databases from the Education category were selected. The most useful of them was ScienceDirect. In addition to the materials which just now fitted the search criteria, a number of related articles was suggested, which was very helpful. In all of the information retrieval tools advanced searching strategies were applied in order to get the results and sift out the most relevant ones.

Genzyme Corporation Essay

Genzyme has a tradition to be financed with equity. High equity balance has advantages such as low bureau costs related to debt, lower financial stress and more flexibility for management, which is especially crucial for start-up companies, such as in the early stage of Genzyme. However, besides losing the tax shield from debt, high equity financing leads to an increasingly diffused ownership, which would in turn causes problems such as shareholder management principal federal agent problem and asymmetric schooling problem. Principal agent problem As agent of the shareholder (principal), management should tug at maximizing shareholders time value, i.e. the market value of the equity. However, management tends to serve its own interests. In order to make management act in line with the shareholders interest, agency costs of managerial incentives are induced. For Genzyme, to increase leverage is one way to reduce managerial incentives related agency costs. However, management generally does not cull debt, since higher leverage implies higher risk for bankruptcy as financial distress increases with the leverage level. In order to mitigate this problem, Genzyme can try to expand compensation contracts which reflect compensation to the firm specific risks that managers are facing.This depart make sure management to act in line with shareholders interest. Beside principal agent problem, low debt equity ratio can also cause high adverse selection cost induced by asymmetric information. Asymmetric information problem the separation of ownership and control of the firm will lead to asymmetric information problem. Management obviously has more information than shareholders and often will not disclose certain crucial information about firms strategic plans or operations. This will naturally have impact on the market value of a public traded firm like Genzyme. With asymmetric information, the market value of the firm might not reflect the true value of the fir m. The market value tends to reflect a pooling equilibrium, because of high adverse selection. Fully separating equilibrium can only be obtained through firms direct unique, powerful but costly signals to the market. Therefore, Genzyme Corporation faces high signaling cost related to adverse selection induced by asymmetric information problem. Debt once again serves good to mitigate information asymmetry problem and to discipline management.

Exams Are a Necessary Evil Essay

Exams Exams Exams Exams are the dreaded word that plagues you during student life. As an adult who is done and dusted with this nightmare, you may look plump for more than often than once wondering if all that stress and trauma was after all worth the while. For starters lets take a step back and analyze what skills one is expected to acquire during the course of education. Well the skills that are used in everyday life, the skills that allow one to get a business enterprise and succeed in their field of choice are surely the skills that one should acquire in the formative years. In this case logic, analytical ability, memory, communication skills and interpersonal skills will plausibly top the list of most people. Of course thither is also the actual knowledge which needs to be adjudicateedWhat skills do exams test?Now though exams are a mode of testing, the manner in which the test is administered can decide what skills are actually tested. The regular ones requiring long go answers test your memory and perseverance coz surely you must work hard to cram all that stuff into your head and then retain them long snip to put them down on paper. In the more objective format of exams, it can be argued that logic and analytical ability is tested.Upside of examsStructure is probably the biggest upside of exams. When you know you have exams around the corner you make a serious attempt to actually stop fooling around and make cheeseparing use of your time to actually study. They help you deliver results under pressure. Memory is certainly sharpened and they can also make you very competitive. This is arguably a great virtue in todays world.Downside of examsYou forget what you cram and write. Then why bother This is the age old argument which works against exams. The tumefy-advised are known to argue that education must cause a student to think, become inquisitive and have an unquenchable thirst to seek knowledge. It is well known that the human brain has an ex piry dated storage space for information and hence pundits believe that we need to create an ambience where we nurture real(a) students ofknowledge who are passionate about learning. Exam centricity takes away the joy of learning since it is a closed approach not many excel in the format though they may be inherently very intelligent and it also does not nurture passion of learning but actually serves to trim down from that stated objective.Also there are those scores of cases which point at psychological and physical trauma such as illness and depression owe to unwarranted stress levels. Man evolves with time and so will the educational system and the methodology of testing. While in the short to midterm, exams are here to stay, there may be a day when a bold patriarch chooses to shun this answer and allow students to flourish in a non-threatening environment which sustains the process of natural learning. There are already a few examples of such forms in modern day society and it will not be impress that these voices gather momentum with the years to come

“Anti-hierarchy” environment in an organization Essay

Do you think its possible for an organization to on purpose create an anti-hierarchy to encourage employees to engage in acts of creative deviance? What steps might a company take to encourage creative deviance? I think is it very hard to deliberately create an anti-hierarchy environment in an organization, but it is non impossible. The first step is to ensure that the organizations culture supports and encourages creative deviance. This, in and of itself, is a challenge. every(prenominal) organization leadership understands that unity of command and chain of command is super important to achieve set performance goals. This dilemma creates a fine ocellus between the phenomenon of creative deviance and simple disregard to acceptance theory of authority. The lines get blurred and confusion sets in different organizational units without good charge and direction of any creative thinking. An early(a) way to encourage creative deviance is create a contemporary organizational design that inspires it. team up structure, boundaryless structure, matrix-project structure, and learning structure can promote the idea of thinking outside the box and innovate where innovation is not really expected. Such environments are racyly flexible and responsive and strive best in less mechanistic and more organic organizations. It is that sharing of the knowledge throughout the organization that creates sustain sufficient origin of hawkish advantage. What are the drawbacks of an approach that encourages creative deviance? Creative deviance is great when it strikes gold and brings the company much needed competitive advantage and high r up to nowues. 3M is the great example of that with all of its innovative products. But what if those stars and question marks from BCG Matrix never become more than just that Then the employees vex careworn valuable company resources deviating into something completely not profitable. Creative deviance is also very hard to manage or police. Once one employee starts going is witness way doing something he/she believes is beneficial for the company, who is to say that another employee is not allowed to do the same?Lack of control and communication difficulties will quickly bring flock the hierarchy and order in any organization. Why do you think a company like Apple is able to be creative with a strongly gradable structure, while other companies find hierarchy limiting? I believe Apple with its creativity in a strong hierarchical structure is more of an exception than the rule. Steve Jobs did an outstanding job leading thecompany into creating the most ground breaking technologies of the time while trammeling Apple in iron-grip control. He had an amazing ability to balance creativity and innovation with complete control. Very few organizations can boast the same. Once again, the proof is in the managements vision of the degree in which self-governing surveys or does not. The secret sauce is in the ability of the lea der of the company being able to set the vision and the direction of the organization in such a way that hierarchy is stimulating innovation. Apple definitely represents the omnipotent view of a manager. Apple understands that innovation sustains its competitive edge.They dedicate resources within a highly structured environment that focus just on groundbreaking technologies. These engineers are not being pulled different directions because management understands the stake of these creative minds being focused on tasks at hand. Other companies find hierarchy limiting because they are move more organic approach that they believe will foster creativity when, in fact, it just blurs the lines and creates more complexity in assigning people to projects. Additionally, res publica is important to an extent, even in a highly structured environment. Creative people should have a say so in the direction of the projects even if it affects timelines. But when it comes to managing and synchron izing work of many employees across different time zones while keeping up with ever changing landscape in competitive outside market environment, most companies sink low faced with such challenge. Democratic innovation is messy, time consuming, and difficult to manage. For this reason, many companies like Apple have created controlled environments in which innovation can occur (2).Sources1. Robbins, Stephen P., and Mary K. Coulter. Management. 12th ed. Boston Pearson, 2014. Print. 2. Sam Ladner. When Can Innovation and Hierarchy Co-Exist? January 6, 2010. Michael Lopp, senior engineering manager at Apple, described design process in place. He admits that all initial mockups of crazy creative ideas take a huge amount of time direct to develop. But management understand that it is worth it because it removed all ambiguity in the beginning without costing enormous amount of resources to correct mistakes at the wipeout of the process. Apple also religiously used 10 to 3 to 1 rule. 10 completely different mockups are designed independently for any new-sprung(prenominal) feature of the product, not 7 fluffy ones to make the other 3 real ones look better as it is done in some other companies. 10 strong ideas get narrowed down to 3 following with months of additional work to finally arrive at 1 best design. every(prenominal) design meetings are done in two pairs. Every week, the teams get together for the first meeting to brainstorm with no boundaries and to design freely. Then, they hold a production meeting with entirely different purpose of bringing designers and engineers together to nail down all the crazy ideas to how it might actually work in production. From the few above examples, we clearly see that Apples has logic in all of its madness. This is what separates it from some many other IT companies that are a long gone history. The above hierarchical process-driven examples show that Apple reserves the option for creative thought even at the very a la mode (p) stage of the game which proves that creativity can strive in highly structured environment. It is up to the genius of the management to apply the same concept to their organization.

History of Childhood

The write up of small fryhood is a subject of controversy. Since serious diachronic investigation began into this area in the upstart 1960s, historians have increasingly divided into two contrasting camps of opinion, those advocating continuity in pip-squeak breeding practices, and those emphasising change. As at that place is little evidence of what childhood was really like in the past, it is incredibly difficult for historians to reconstruct the life of a child, much more the hold out of existence a child. In so many an(prenominal) ways, the history of childhood is a history that slips through our fingers.Few Parents have left written records of how they reared their children, and fewer still children have left us their story. It is largely because of this lack of evidence, and because the evidence that does remain advice literature, journals and letters, are so open to differing interpretations, that historians have divided over major issues much(prenominal) as wheth er children were loved and wanted in the past, the way parents pecked their children, and the treat custodyt they apprehendd. The first major wreaks into the history of childhood were those of Philippe Aries and Lloyd De Mause,Centuries of youngness, andThe History of Childhoodrespectfully.Both historians took a progressive approach to history, and concluded that the treatment of children by their parents and society have improved considerably throughout the centuries. Both paint a very negative image of childhood, and family life in the past. Lloyd De Mause went as far as saying that The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have solely recently begun to awaken. (1) believing that The further back in history whizz goes, the lower the level of child care, and the more likely children are to be killed, aban dod, beaten, terrorized, and sexually ill-treatd. 2) Aries concluded that there was no concept of childhood as a state different to adulthood in these centuries , and therefore, even if parents did pure t ace gist for their offspring, they did not fully understand how to respond to the emotional commands of their children. This argument gained further weight with the mammoth work of Lawrence pit on the history of the family and family relationships in the early innovational geological period,The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. Stone too focused on the evolution of the amily through these three centuries, arguing that the family changed from being of an open lineage structure in which family relationships were jumpal and re packed, to the domesticated nu give the axe family, which resulted in affective individualism. In the early 1980s, Linda pollock in her influential, until at present highly controversial work,Forgotten Children Parent child Relations 1500-1900, vulgarly criticised all the arguments made by Aries, de Mause and Stone. From her intensive study of over four light speed diaries and journals, she p resentd that childhood experiences were not as grim as they suggest it was.She strongly denies that there were any fundamental changes in the way parents viewed or reared their children in this period The texts reveal no significant change in the quality of parental care given to, or the amount of affection felt for infants for the period 1500-1900. (3) Pollocks work has received support from Rosemary ODay and Mary Abbot, who both deny that childhood evolved considerably in this period. In recent years, it is this approach that is beginning to predominate, nevertheless Pollock et al are not without their critics.Therefore, as there are two so very different approaches to the history of childhood in the early modern period, attempting to determine just how methods of child rearing did change in the past is fraught with difficulty. In order to determine how something has changed, it is necessary to determine what it changed from, and there is no consensus of opinion as to how parents reared their children in this period. However, it is perhaps important to emphasise that it is not so much the structure of childhood that is difficult to assess, in the sense of describing what the children in truth did, but the attitudes and values of the parents.It is difficult to determine whether these changed, if they did how they changed, and why they changed, and the outcome of these changes. Between 1500 and 1700, the actual structure of childhood changed little. In this pre-industrial age, England was largely agricultural. Amongst the poor, children were beat to work at early ages on the farm, sowing seeds, chasing birds, and other sooner unstrenuous activities. If they could not be made useful on the familys own farm, then they would be put to work elsewhere.This was a device characteristic of both the town and the country, although in the towns, children were put to work a year to eighteen months earlier. This applied to both sexes, although boys were more likely to b e put to work earlier, and girls to stay home a little longer to help their mother. Children who could be spared from the farm, or whose wages would not be missed, were often put to school, to receive a form of elementary knowledge which would help them acquire the necessary literacy and arithmetic they would need in life.Most of these children, especially the girls, remained in school scarcely for a short period, and would then be expected to work to help their family financially. Some children never attended school, but were taught by their mothers at home. Amongst the wealthier social groups, boys, and to a lesser extent girls, would be provided with a more rigid and higher standard education from the age of six or seven upwards. This could take the form of private tuition, a school education, or education in someone elses house.It has been argued by Stone, Aries and De Mause, that there was a maturation awareness of childhood as a state different to adult hood in the sixteent h and 17th centuries. According to them, society was beginning to appreciate that children were not miniature adults, but were at a substantially lower level of maturity, and so had distinct needs from adults protection, love and nurturing. Society was now becoming more aware of the splendor of parental socialisation, that it was socialisation that largely determined the figure of adult a child would eventually become. Lawrence Stone and J. H.Plumb believe the emergence of this new characteristic can be traced in the delicious development of the period. Stone argues that in the middle ages, children were invariably portrayed as miniature adults in paintings, without any childish characteristics. However, into the sixteenth century, images of children began to acquire a distinct identity, and childish appearance. Plumb argues that from the late 17th century onwards, children can be seen playing, sketching and amusing themselves in portraits, which he suggests shows there was a definite concept of childhood emerging in this period.He also argues that the increasing availability of toys and literature especially aimed for children, shows a greater consciousness and appreciation of childhood. It is certainly realistic that children were seen in a different light in this period, considering the influence of the Renaissance and the Reformation on ideologies(an explanation that Stone touches upon and leave alone be discussed in more detail later), but the evidence employed by both Stone and Plumb needs to be used with compulsory caution. Art and literature may reflect to a certain degree the alues and attitudes of a given society, but they are also limited by the technical understandings of the age. It could be argued that the change in the portrayal of children was due entirely to the Renaissance influence on material realism in portraits, and the development of superior artistic skills as a consequence. Also, as artists became more familiar with painting the human form, they may have been more comfortable in exploring other forms of presentation, moving forth from the stiffness of some early portraits, to the more naturalistic settings of the eighteenth century.Similarly, the commercial availability of toys and childrens literature may have been the product of a growing mercenary(a) and technological world, not an indication of a greater awareness of childhood. Just because toys were not commercially available in the past does not mean that the need for children to play was not appreciated. Parents may have manually made toys for their children. Indeed, Linda Pollock argues that imaginative play was common through out this period.The literary development could excessively be due to the growing influence of the printing press which opened up new avenues for literature. There is no conclusive evidence that there was an add-on in theconcept of childhoodin this period. Linda Pollock, and Rosemary ODay, strongly deny that there was, arguing that parents had always beenaware that childhood was different in kind from adulthood. (4) Stone et al have argued that once society became aware that childhood was a distinct state from adulthood, this effected the relationship in the midst of parents and children.They argue that now parents were aware of the needs of children, they were more equipped to respond to them, and give their children the care and protection they so desperately needed. Both Ralph Houlbrooke and Lawrence Stone argue that during the course of the seventeenth centuries, families became more openly affectionate. They see the decline in observances such as the blessing as evidence of a more loving family relationship. The blessing was considered to be important in what it symbolised about the inferiority of children to adults.Children were expected to seek their parents blessing every morning and night. Even in adulthood, children were expected to ask for this blessing every so often. There were als o other customs to remind children of the respect, duty and obedience they owed their parents. Boys for example, were expected to take off their hats in their parents presence, and allegedly girls were expected to kneeling before their mother. The Countess of Falkland for example, knelt before her mother even in adulthood, and even though she had obtained a higher social status than her mother through marriage.Ralph Houlbrooke argues that in the seventeenth century such practises were declining. The blessing he says was replaced with a goodnight kiss, and the other customs relaxed. He believes that the increased intimacy in letters between parents and children in the seventeenth century are firm evidence of a growing affection and intimacy. He claims that parents were now using phrases such as my dear child or my darling, instead of the colder ones of child or son, daughter. However, again this evidence needs to be treated with caution.In this period, society was becoming increasing ly literate, especially amongst the wealthier social groups, and a greater depth of education may have meant that individuals were now able to express themselves easier. It must also be remembered that the side of meat language itself was going through a transition at this time, greatly benefitting from the Renaissance emphasis on the vernacular. Lawrence Stone sees the decline in the customs of swaddling and wet-nursing from the late seventeenth century and particularly into the eighteenth, as a further indication of a growing affection.However, again, this depends on interpretation. It was not for any abusive or despotic reason that parents swaddled their children, but because they genuinely believed that it was for the childs benefit, in that it prevented the childs limbs from growing crooked and deformed. Arguably the decline of this practice was due to an increased scientific understanding of the human body, rather than an increase in parental affection towards children. Also there is no solid evidence that wet-nursing declined in the seventeenth century.Indeed, for much of the eighteenth century, wet-nursing continued amongst the grandeur and gentry. Admittedly it was increasingly the subject of attack, as puritans in particular believed that all mothers should breast feed their own children, but that this practise continued in down in the mouth circles (it had never really been a custom amongst the poor) well into the nineteenth century, it cannot be used to illustrate a growing affection between mothers and children. Lawrence Stone argues that one of the reasons why parents and children were emotionally distant in the early part of this period, was ecause of the high infant mortality rate. He argues that parents were reluctant to invest love and care in their children, because of the pain losing them would cause. However, Linda Pollock identifies a flaw in his thesis. She argues that if this was the case, then one would expect the indifference towa rds children to have prevailed as long as the death rate. Stone puts forward that parents were becoming closer to their children in the late seventeenth century, where for some pars of the country such as Devon, more children were dying in this period than had done in the sixteenth century.Pollock argues that contrary to reducing parental emotional investment, the high death rate only served to heighten their anxiety in times of illness, and increase their level of care. However, Lawrence Stone does not believe that all the consequences of a growing awareness of childhood as a distinct state from adulthood, had a positive effect on the relationship between parents and children. He suggests that with the awareness that behaviour depended on discipline, parents took their duty as disciplinarians more seriously.He claims that whipping and drubbing now became common place in an attempt to instil morality in their children. He also attributes this development to the Protestant Reformat ion. He argues that Protestantism emphasised the intuitive feeling of Original sin, and contrary to Catholicism, did not advocated that the salvation of children could be obtained by baptism. Protestants argued that faith alone determined salvation, and therefore, for a child to be saved, faith was essential. This led to a decline in the importance of baptism, and increasingly parents delayed the ceremony, for days, weeks, or even months.There was now added pressure on parents to ensure that their children fully comprehended the fundamental principle of Christianity, especially their own sinfulness, and need for repentance and salvation. This possibly increased the importance of the mother as teacher, and arguably created the potential for a greater intimacy between mother and child as they spent more quality time together. However, Sather argues that following the Reformation, the relationship between parents and children became characterised by harshness and cruelty, as physical penalty became the norm, especially amongst Puritans. He who spareth the rod hateth his son was universally repeated. Undoubtedly this theoretically sets the scene for a darkening of childhood experience. However, although the Reformation may have encourage a harsher disciplinary role of the parents, as always, it is necessary to bear in mind that theory does not always convert into practise successfully. It is certainly possible that puritans treated their children harshly in this period, tyring to get them to conform to their notions of godliness, but it must be remembered that for most of this period puritans were a minority, and a rather unpopular one at that.It was they who predominantly wrote the conduct-books, advising parents on how to rear their children, and although some historians such as Stone have taken their contents as evidence of a harsh attitude towards children, it is necessary to remember that conduct books state how things ought to be, not how they are. Admit tedly there were parents who did physically punish their children. John Aubrey, a contemporary of the seventeenth century, utter that harsh physical correction was rife, and that the child perfectly hated the sight of his parents as the slave his torturer, but this is highly debatable.It is likely that if children were abused in this period, the abuse was more likely to be inflicted by the childrens employers who abused their powerful positions. There are numerous accounts of young boys and girls having been physically abused by their masters. However, it is significant that many parents on discovering this abuse, issued a suit against the guilty person, suggesting that such treatment was far from socially acceptable. Parents wanted their children corrected, and arguably would not have opposed to a physical chastisement if essential, but did not want, or approve, of excessive correction.That physical punishment existed, cannot be taken as evidence of increased parental harshness to wards children. It is clear from several journals that parents who did feel the need to physically punish their children, were often deeply troubled by the incident, and if possible, preferred not to inflict physical pain on their child. Also, there is little evidence for Stones theory that parents saw their children as innately evil, and thus needed excessive disciplining.Indeed, considering that writers such as doubting Thomas Gataker had to continuously press the point that it was an idle concept to suppose that religion and godlinesse is not for children, suggests that most parents did not accept the belief, even if it was widespread amongst puritans. In all likelihood, most parents took the view of John Locke, that children were morally neutral, and that it was up to them by both love and appropriate correction, to bring out the good in their nature. Another change which it has been argued came about part because of the Reformation, was the educational revolution of the sixtee nth century.Certainly as Protestantism was the religion of the word both printed and preached, a higher degree of literacy was needed to read the Scriptures, and intellectual educational activity in order for the people to comprehend doctrinal issues. Also, following the Dissolution of the monasteries and chantries, the educational provision made by these institutions ceased. Thus, if children were to be educated, schools had to be refounded, which is largely what happened in the reign of Edward the Sixth. This movement was also due to the Renaissance, which increased the value of education, especially amongst the gentry.With the Renaissance came ideals of gentility, advocated by Castiglione and Thomas Elyot. Education was seen as a prime essential of gentility, for not only did it cultivate the mind, but it distinguished gentle persons above the poor, and justified their privileged positions. Not surprisingly then, with such a high look being attached to education, rich parents, who perhaps were not entirely literate themselves at the beginning of this period, increasingly ensured that their sons had a decent education.Therefore, towards the end of the sixteenth, and especially into the seventeenth century, it became common for the wealthy to send their sons to the new grammar schools. If they were particularly wealthy, they would employ a tutor steeped in classical knowledge to educate their sons. That parents sent there children forth from home at early ages has been taken as evidence of their indifference, but in all likelihood, when parents sent their children away, they believed it was in the best interests of the child. Ilana Ben-Amos argues that parents would only part with their children when it was dead essential.In the early seventeenth century for example, it was only after James Fretwell, who was then only four years old, came home weeping because he could not manage the distance between Sandal and Yorkshire every day, that his father out of c oncern for his welfare put him to lodge with a widow in Sandal. Even then, the child came home on Saturdays. It can also be seen that attitudes towards female education amongst the wealthy also changed in this period. In the Renaissance years, it is arguable that the education of women was encouraged. Thomas More himself said that I do not see why learning ay not equally agree with both sexes, and the period produced a issuing of learned women Mary and Elizabeth Tudor, Lady Jane Grey, and even Mary Stuart. Antonia Fraser argues that during Elizabeths reign, there was a silent pressure on wealthy men to have their daughters educated. If they were to attend solicit without having some knowledge of Latin and the Classics, they would compare unfavourably with the intellect and knowledge of the Queen, and would thus not create a favourable impression on the men they were expected to secure.Also, with there being a female monarch who was renowned as a scholar, it would be rather unmet t o press the point that such a sphere was a mans preserve. However, with the Queens death in 1603, and the accession of a man, such opinions were able to surface, and there was an increasing desire to exclude females from learning Latin and the classics. This was given impetus by the attitude of the sovereign himself. When King James was presented with a learned woman, he rather sarcastically remarked, but can shee turn ? .This gave no incentive for the great families of England to subject their daughters to an expensive classical education, which many believed they had not the intellectual capacity to understand, and anyway would serve them no useful break up in life. As the seventeenth century wore on, the difference in the educational expectations of the sexes became more marked. Girls were virtually excluded from grammar schools, and the notion of the accomplished woman, which was to play such a prominent part in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, gained a whole new lease of life.Parents were now encouraged to have their daughters educated in those subjects deemed suited for girls sewing, knitting, music, and French. Over the course of the seventeenth century, schools for girls flourished, and were dedicated to educating girls in these increasingly regarded female traits. Stone argues that the end of the seventeenth century saw a more humanitarian treatment of children being adopted, but arguably this was not the case for aristocratic girls. Physical deportment was becoming increasingly important.The corset, which had long been in existence, now became regarded as essential, and the eighteenth century saw the development of other techniques to help create the perfect figure, such as stocks and backboards. Stone argues that one of the signs of a growing affection between parents and children, was the decline of parental control of their childrens marriages, but if this was the case with boys, the marriage of girls was still often tightly controlle d. In concluding then, it can be seen that act to determine to what extent there were important changes in the way that children were reared in this period, is fraught with difficulty.The conclusion drawn, depends to a large degree on the approach adopted. Those historians such as Linda Pollock who advocate continuity, would argue that there were no fundamental changes in the way that parents treated and reared their children in this who advocate change, would argue that there were important changes in these years. They would argue that there was a growing intimacy and affection between parents and children, a growing concern for the latters welfare, and although the Reformation ab initio introduced a period of increased severity, the general trend was the improvement of the treatment of children.Certainly there were changes. There was an increased importance placed on education the increasing segregation of male and female spheres within education children were maintained at scho ol longer apprenticeships were lasting longer there was an increase in the importance of early religious instruction child baptism lost its immediate significance swaddling becoming less widely used, and into the eighteenth century there was a decline in the practice of wet nursing.However, these changes are largely external changes. They tell us little about the way the experience of child rearing changed, if it did, during this period. Arguably, the more fundamental aspects of child-rearing, such as whether or not there was an emergence of a concept of childhood in this period, whether there was a growing intimacy between parents and children, and whether or not parental discipline became more severe, can only be speculated upon.

Case Study: Alcoa’s Core Values Essay

Ethics is based on a set of moral and ethical values. These values must be sacrosanct that is, you must take them seriously enough to override any human rationalization, weakness, ego, or personal faults. Alcoas ethical work climate is diverse, encourages open communicating and learning, and community outreach. Alcoas shopping center values are held to a high standard. Standing by these values Integrity Environment, Health, and Safety Customer Accountability morality People and Profitability helps improve the moral of the company, employees, and consumers.By setting these as core values, Alcoa has made a commitment to improving quality of life among employees and community. Alcoas company used the ethical criterion of principles. Personal morality, company rules and procedures, and laws and professional codes were a higher priority to Mr. ONeill. Regardless of the fact that the Mexico manager ontogeny profits and had high marks of quality and satisfaction, Mr. ONeill took the in terest of the companys value of safety and compliance.Alcoa made sure that employees and attention had push-down list of education and resources that there should have been no room for misunderstand or this kind of misconduct. The emphasis on safety had deep meaning to Alcoas management team. The companys management firmly believed that no employees should be forced to work in an environment where their safety and the safety of other employees might be jeopardized. Alcoas management supported the ethical principle that no employees should leave work in a worse condition than when they arrived (Lawrence & Weber, 2011).When going down to wonder the allegations himself, showed a great leader that has morals and beliefs that go hand and hand with the core values and ethics of the company. With such serious allegations, it was imperative for management to chance upon what was going on first hand and take action. By sending an open letter to the entire company, Mr. ONeill showed that there is no room for misperceptions of the core values set, showing that anything less is unrespectable and will not be tolerated.

Playing an Instrument Essay

People stupefy different reasons for doing things. Some believe that writing, molding pawn and eating shed joy and happiness. When we talk of mover, different things crop up, such as musical dicks, working instruments, manuf wreakuring instruments and so on In this work, there will be comprehensive details about playing an instrument. We will focus whole on playing a musical instrument. For this purpose, we will cover the different aspect of musical instrument.How pile learn to play instruments, what benefits people get from playing an instrument, when to buy a musical instrument etc. There argon different types of musical instruments, such as the guitar, keyboard, flute, saxoph cardinal etc. Musical instruments argon of different types. We pass the string instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments etc. Under each of these groups, we then control different instruments. For object lesson, under string instruments we have the violin, harp and guitar.These instr uments are played in different ways, for instance playing a piano involves buying a preferred type, installing, getting a good teacher to put one by dint of and trying different styles and listening to music, which will give insight into how the instrument must sound when been played. In the world today, playing any type of musical instrument have be love some(a) lovers of music priority. People try to learn how to play a musical instrument at all cost. Then who can play an instrument? What is of paramount is the interest in knowledge to play.If the interest is non there then, playing or learning might be a problem. When this field has been established, the next thing is getting a good tutor who can take one through the rudiments of playing such an instrument. There are things that should be put in place in other to learn how to play a musical instrument. One of such things is patience. This is one aspect should be taken seriously. In other, to learn anything in spiritedness th e issue of patience cannot be taken for granted. You have to be patient. other issue is the practice.You have to be repeating or practicing this act almost each time or everyday in other to master it. Learning to play an instrument is not a days or weeks job. This act has to be continuous and consistent for sometime until one is perfect. some other aspect is paying attention to the rudiments or skilled that will be needed in learning the instrument. There should be full concentration. However, people have different motives for learning how to play an instrument of any kind. In the context of our discussion, people desire to play instrument because of what they will get.These might come in form of financial reason, pleasure or happiness. Why some specific people may want to learn how to play instrument because of the financial benefit that is attached to it, others may what to learn how to play these instrument at leisure or for pleasure. Then what are the benefits of playing an instrument. One of such is that this act teaches discipline because playing an instrument is like trying to learn a new language, which in some cases can be demanding. Therefore, you have to be disciplined in other to learn how to play these instruments.Another benefit one can get from playing an instrument is can be having a mother wit of accomplishment. At start, when one starts to learn it might look like a challenge, but when the act is mastered, one can be proud of it. It can also be a means of exercise. Sometimes when we are strained out we can just try our hands on an instrument to cool attain and relax. Moreover, there are different problems people may encountered when playing an instrument. For instance in buying a grand piano the issue of quality is vital.If you want buy any instrument there are some things that are vital and of most important. Quality is one of the things that are vital. In addition, costs and functions are also vital. For example, the work of a lead gu itar is different from the bass guitar. There can also be problem caused by the instruments itself such as the bowing of the violin. These can be harmful on the office staff of the person playing it. In conclusion, playing of any instrument depends on different aspect of life interest, skills and efforts. This write up has been able to give meaning to the phrase playing an instrument.

Tort Law

In either given situation, it is evidently clear that the caller should remain responsible and legally liable to their people or employe and among the consumers that patronize their product. Thus, should there be any accident and/or damages that badly harm these people in the course of exercising their duties, as employees and workers, the company could be held liable and sue to settle their legal obligations in shouldering the damages and lost of these people.As for the faux pas of The Bug Plant located in Shady Town, USA, the employees and the marketer that have been attacked and robbed in the parking pile of the company could possibly file a law suit against the The Bug Plant chthonic the legal offense of inattention, as written in the Tort Law.Given the fact that the incidents of robbery against these people have happened inside the premises of the companys grounds, wherein these people are working as the companys workers, both of the employees and the vendor could sue th e company under the Tort Law, as it is evident that The Bug Plant has failed to ensure the safety and warranter of these people plot staying and performing their duties and responsibilities for the company.More so, with the prior information that the Shady Town has been plagued with a recent crime wave, the case of Negligence could be filed against The Bug Plant, as the company failed to do the necessary adjustment to strengthen their company security and ensure the welfare of their people.Thus, The Bug Plant could be sued under the Tort Law, as they failed to exercise and fall in the required standard of care in doing business. Lastly, The Bug Plant could use the notion that the incidents of robbery in the parking lot against the second shift employees have happened after their shift and/or beyond their formalised work hours, as the BUGs potential defense.On the other hand, The BUG Plant could also use the fact, as their defense, that the vendor who has been robbed, while waiti ng for the dock manager, is not their legal employee and that they do not have direct trade connection with this person and they should not be held liable for any damages. References Definition of Tort. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 12, 2009, from http//www. personal-injury-info. realise/definition-of-tort. htm Product Liability. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 12, 2009, from http//www. personal-injury-info. net/product-liability. htm

Assignment on E- commerce Essay

It is an enormous plea accepted to submit my subsidisation titled E- duty Sy arrest in Bangladesh. A contiguous psychoanalyze assigned as a required of our course related. In preparing this assignment I possess acquired much knowledge about E- affair system. I have tried my best to furnish the assignment with relevant data. Which I had to collect from online and related journal. I hope this assignment ordain help the banking sphere to gather somewhat insights on the widows to do further studies in this aspect. I would like to convey my tributes to you and give thanks you for tolerant me the luck to work on this topic. Your queries in this aspect will highly be expected. give thanks youSincerely yourAmit kumar deyID 1101010174Section D7th Semester (27th Batch)BBA ProgramDepartment of Business AdministrationLeading University Sylhet, Bangladesh. committednessIn dedication to all my friendsand family who help me findhappy monuments every day to celebrate resolving Thisassignmen t paper is prep atomic number 18d by me. The title of this assignment is E- teleph angiotensin converting enzyme line system. A closer need under the supervision of Mr.Md.Rahimullah Miah reader of MIS, Leading University Sylhet, Bangladesh .Any duplication is prohibited without the permission of authorAmit kumar deyID 1101010174Section D7th Semester (27th Batch)BBA ProgramDepartment of Business AdministrationLeading University Sylhet, Bangladesh.AcknowledgementFirst of all knuckle under a special thanks to my almighty God. Who made me able to complete this report? Then I would like to give thanks to renowned philanthropist Mr. Ragib Ali as he established Leading University and we got this opportunity to read here, after wards. I would like express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof Dr. Mr .Bashir Ahmed Bhuiyan, Head of the Department of melody Administration, Leading University Sylhet.I would like to thanks our course instructor Mr. Md. Rahimulah Miah, respected Lecturer of Leading University for giving me this chance to install an assignment. My thanks in any case goes to my family members and friends who are cooperated with me at any of the steps of the assignment and unceasingly support me without any hesitation and make them safes an important part of this job.AuthorLetter of AcceptanceThis is to manifest that Amit kumar dey ,ID 1101010174 Section D Semester7thand 27- Batch, Department of Business Administration , Leading University , Sylhet , Bangladesh has completed his assignment work empower on E- mer potbellytilism system. A closer study under my supervision. He has completed his work with sincerity, commitment and dedication. He discussed contrastive issues and problems with me to meet the requirement of this study and preparing the assignment.I wish all the best in his effort.Mr. Md. Rahimullah MiahLecturer of MIS.Department of championship administrationLeading University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.AbstractE physician (Some dates called web- based ) commerce is the bourn used to describe the action at law of doing business on the ne billinalrk. It including business to business, business to consumer and even consumer to consumer proceeding that involve the get and grassing of goods and service, the transactions of funds, and even the exchange of ideas. Ecommerce including functions such as grocerying manufacturing, finance, grappleing and negotiations. Ecommerce is not as new construct in Bangladesh any more, ecommerce that started its journey in Bangladesh in the last 90s and since then it draw outd to grow. This study concentrates on assessing the elements of the environment relation to ecommerce to get the best picture of the prevailing condition and then recommending some areas of proceeds on the basis of the assessment for deploying ecommerce in Bangladesh.Chapter- oneness1. Introduction.1.1 E-commerceElectronic commerce or ecommerce is a term for any type of business, or commercial transaction that involves t he transfer of information across theinternet. It c all overs range of different types of businesses, from consumer based retail sites, through and through auction or music sites, to business exchanges trading goods and services mingled with corporations. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the internet to emerge.Ecommerce al humbleds consumers to electronically exchange goods and services with no barriers of time or distance. Electronic commerce has expanded quick over the past five years and is predicted to continue at this rate, or even accelerate. In the near future the boundaries between conventional and electronic commerce will become increasingly blurred as more and more businesses move sections of their operations onto the internet.1.1.1 context of e commerceSince the 1990s, with the breakthrough of meshing, communications and IT, the Internet had a military man-wide growth and rapidly became popular. And e-commerce was born. E-commerce is a new busin ess model based on the Internet with two transacting parties, bank electronic honorarium and settlement as representation and customer data as support, which gutter make stealers and suppliers more tight linked, and meet customers demand faster, and also allows buyer to choose the best suppliers in the global market and sell their crops worldwide. Since electronic commerce in1998, e-commerce all around the world was developing rapidly that the transactions doubles in about every nine months. The global e-commerce transactions (including online trade, sales, etcetera) reach hundreds of billions dollars, and e-commerce revenue has soared by 262 percent.Countries all over the world have a very positive attitude to e-commerce- the new continent. They generally consider the evolution of electronic commerce an important driver of world economic development in the next 25 years. The promotion effect to the economy will be far more than the Industrial Revolution two hundred years ago. Well-known network economic researcher and critic Robert Metcalfe claimed that The value of the Internet is equal to the firm of the number of outlets (linking with it). Currently, the online shops are booming and constantly improved. Types of products sold online are diversity. Drugs once thought impossible for buying and selling have become a reality. Representative one is Canada Pharmacy. Even some people sell their time online. They do things for people who are too busyand get money from them.1.2 Objectives of the studsTo identify thought of e commerce system in BangladeshTo make suggestion on the basis of findings.To provide meticulous knowledge of e commerce and its infrastructure. To narrate the present scenario of e commerce in Bangladesh To identify the exercise rate and satisfaction level of e commerce customers. To highlight some recommendations for rendering e commerce services effectively.1.3 Scope of the studyThe scope of the study is limited to the issues rel ated to the ecommerce in Bangladesh. The assignment will focus only on the business locality provider of the country through internet network system.1.4 Limitations of the studyDue to time constraints the study has been conducted only one commerce service on vicarious information. A microscopic analysis (aggregate analysis) has been made here for the unavailability of appropriate data in some cases. To prepare this assignment I have faced a peck of problems such as unavailability of lab, electricity problem, unavailability of related book and journals lock of time, unavailability of information in net etc.1.5 Methodology of the studyThe assignment has been done mainly based on secondary sources of data or information secondary data has been collected from different publication material and Web site as salutary as the book and material from different libraries the hand not of the various seminars 1.6 Literature recapTornatsky and Fleischers TheoryThe best literature for this is from Tormatsky and Fleischers theory. The Tornatsky and Fleischers theory comprises two important foundations stages in e commerce factors of the ad survival and implementation of e commerce in SMEs. According to Jennnex and lertwongsation who used Tornatzky andFleischers model, the reliability of this foundation will sayly impact the ability of SMEs to implement e commerce.Chapter Two2. worldwide context of the studyWith the increasing diffusion of ICTS, more specifically the internet, the global business community is rapidly wretched to words business to business (B2B) e commerce. The bussers importer gain a clear advantage when the internet gives them access to the global market, by which they can compare set across regions, find out whether price very by order fragmentation, get awareness about substitute alternative products consequently the sellers exporters make sure that they are well portrayed in the cyber world through websites and portals. Like buyers, sellers also t ake in from increased and more efficient access to the global market through the imternet.Bangladesh is pursuing an economic form _or_ system of government export led growth with the rising forces of globalization, it is becoming increasingly important that the private sector especially the export sectors are well prepared to meet the requirements and in the competition against exporters in other countries. In such a scenario two issues are becoming particularly important for Bangladeshi export sectors one whether business are automating their internal processes with the use of ICTS to become increasingly efficient and competitive in a global content and two whether business have efficient and competitive in a global context and two whether businesses have effective presence and participation in the cyber world.2.2.1 E commerce in different sector in BangladeshDespite being a under developed country selected piece of the Bangladeshi business community has embraced technology with reasonable success, personal computer and the internet are also emerging as day to day business tolls These positive indicators are levering the prospect of e commerce in Bangladesh. RMG Sector . hopeing on the web (online bank).Online shopping.Web hosting, domain.Online fares, gifts.Pay Bill.Education.Etc.2.2 Some e commerce shop in Bangladeshwww.web Bangladesh.com.www.hoat bazar.com.www.number shop.com.www.bdbazar.comwww.sonarmarketplace.com.www.upoharbd.com.www.bdgift.com.www.cellbazar.com.2.3 The impact of e commerceE commerce can transform the focal point products and service one created sold and delivered to the customers, It can also change the way in which the company kit and boodle with its partners. The following are well established benefits of e commerce. Improved productiveness Using e commerce the time required to create, transfer and process a business transaction between trading partners is signifieantly lessen of data entry and recenty in the process. This impr ovement in speed and accuracy plus the access to instrument and information will result in increase in productivity. Cost savigs The cost savings stem from efficient communication, Quicker turnaround and closer access to market. Better customer service customer can enjoy the convenience of shopping at any hour and anywhere in the world. Opportunities for new business Business over the inter net have global customer reach. There are perpetual possibilities for business to exploit and expand their customer base.2.4 challenges of e commerce for BangladeshNetwork Infrastructure.Intra bank and interbank connectivity.Local and global.Bank client connectivity.Security of transaction.Banking mechanismAutomationConvertibility of the Bangladesh currency.Retention quota.International credit cards.Capacity building Human. skillful and Regulatory.Quick settlement, online credit information. Skilled e manpower.InvestmentLegal infrastructure.Currency convertibility Access to global finance.2.5 Akhoni.comAkhoni offers discounts up to 90in Dhaka city on popular business like dining, Travel, Entertainment, Movies, Soap, Healthcare service, Fitness centers, Beauty parlors and lot more Akhoni.com is a website that brought a new horizon in the e commerce industry of Bangladesh. impertinent the other business websites, it does not sell/ buy or act as a troika party between two people. The customer can use the coupons published on this website and based on the amount of discount can save lots of money while purchasing the particular product from the particular shop. How it worksTo use the website, one customer has to go with the following steps Step one Sign up with Akhoni.com. to get crazy discount notifications right in your email inbox. Step two Buy and receive coupon to purchase a deal, click on view details and buy/ buy now button. Instant pay option safely pay with you visa/ Master card/DBBL, Nexus card and from ready phone through bash. Pay on coupon delivery option Cli ck pay as on coupon delivery if you want to pay later. Collect from Akhoni.com post 8, Gulshan, South, Avenue, unite-53 Gulshan-1 Dhaka-1212. Step three show your coupon to the merchandiser at his/her other and enjoy the discount. SWOT compendiumStrength1.Anew concept in there commerce industry of Bangladesh.2.Very fewer on no opponent at all.Weakness1.Based on Dhaka city mostly.2.The coupons given are of limited merchant that means this website does not cover the entire premises of consumer choice. Opportunity1.Since the concept is new and Lucrative, the website has bright future through jot the country. 2.In future, this website may include the merchants of different other fields like FMCG, cloths, Foods etc. Threat1.Since the market has no competition any day new entrants may come up with new offers. 2.Discount packages of mobile phone companies (GP Thank you) can be a threat.2.6 Advantages of EcommerceFaster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products. Buying/ selling 24/7.More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations. Low operational be and better quality of services.No need of personal company set-ups.Easy to start and manage a business.Customers can easily select products from different providers without moving around physically.2.7 Disadvantages of EcommerceAny one, good or bad, can easily start a business. And there are more bad sites which eat up customers money. There is no guarantee of product quality.Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes. As there is minimum chance of direct customer to company interactions,customer loyalty is always on a check. There are many another(prenominal) hackers who look for opportunities, and thus an ecommerce site, service, payment gateways, all are always prone to attack. Chapter three 3. Methodology of the study3.1 Site Selection The topic chosen for the assignment is e commerce system. 3.4 Site Design I work with non-government secto r and also include government sector. 3.5 Country Map3.6 Data Collection each(prenominal) the data and inflation which s elated to my task was collected from secondary sure.3.7 Data Analysis I use Microsoft word and Microsoft power point to prepare this assignment.Chapter four4. Result and DiscussionBangladesh has recently entered into the world of e-commerce. Bangladesh Bank (BB) opened up the e-commerce transactions in the net in 2009. Subsequently Dutch-Bangla Bank restrain (DDBL) has launched Internet Payment Gateway (IPG) in the name of Nexus-Gateway in June, 2010 and BRAC Bank in December, 2010. Meantime, a few e-merchants have developed their web-sites and linked with the IPG of the banks. The complete journey of e-commerce has four steps. These include the go-ahead sign of the zodiac of the advert bank, launching internet payment gateway (IPG) by commercial banks after obtaining go ahead signal of the central bank, development of appropriate website by e-merchants to di splay and sale their products and services, and buying of goods and services by the customers from the e-merchants.The merchant commission a fee to be paid by the merchant to the bank in character of the sale value is higher for e-commerce transaction than that of the POS transaction. The e-merchant also needs to pay a fee to the possessor of the web portal if the website is not owned by him. On the other hand, an e-merchant does not require establishing shops at the prominent and costly locations of a city they only have to maintain warehouses in various low cost locations from where they can deliver goods to the different parts of the city / country easily with minimum transferee cost.The ultimate result is the e-commerce players are at a competitive advantage to retailers. They have lower operate expenses and better inventory management due to operating in a virtual commerce environment. For example, amazon.com has revenue per employee of nearly $850k while its retail count erpart, Best Buy, generates revenue per employee of only $270k.Chapter five5. RecommendationsThe assessment of the e-commerce environmental forces of Bangladesh retract us some room to recommend some steps and measures, that should be undertaken by the policy makers and business stake holders for the full-fledged implementation and development of e-commerce in Bangladesh. There commendations areThere should be an EFT (Electronic computer memory Transfer) Gateway, which will connect all finance and banking institutions, ATMs, POS and related websites. Such Gateway will speed up the transactions among banks, commercial institutions. This sort of infrastructure needs to be implemented on priority basis.A CCG (Credit Card Gateway) should be established. A credit card gateway is a server that makes online credit card transactions safe(Skinner, 2005). The software protocols in the CCG use the information provided to check for availability of funds and to make sure the credit card is not expired, lost or stolen. This takes only seconds. When the transaction is approved a know is generated for the customer, and the funds are transferred to the vendors bank account through EFT.Unlicensed radio frequencies should be made available on demand andesite operating licenses should not limit the bandwidth.To improve banking mechanism, Bangladesh government should engage the bankingsectors to automate their operation and going online by a specific period. The control of foreign exchange should be liberalized gradually, and easier issuance of International Credit Cards should be allowed, banks should take effective steps here.Business associations and organizations should be made aware of the benefits of e-commerce. Business organizations like FBCCI, DCCI, MCCI, and BGMEA can play a significant role in promoting e-commerce in Bangladesh.Political commitment to improve governance and institutional strengths essential for successful application of e-commerce. at last but not l east, National ICT policy, 2002 and enactment of the ICTAct, 2005 is required to enhance the implementation of e-commerce.6. CONCLUSIONA key reason why e-commerce, especially the business-to-business segment, is growing so quickly is its significant impact on costs associated with inventories, sales execution, procurement, intangibles like banking, and distribution costs. If these reductions become pervasive, e-commerce has the potential to be the application that ushers in the large productivity gains. Achieving these gains is therefore contingent on a number of factors, including access to e-commerce systems and the needed skills. However, what is unique about ecommerce over the Internet and the efficiency gains is that it promises the premium placed on openness. To reap the potential cost savings fully, firms must(prenominal) be willing to open up their internal systems to suppliers and customers. This raises policy issues concerning security and potential anti-competitive effec ts as firms integrate their operations more closely.Chapter sixReferencesWebsitewww.google.comwww.bookrags.comwww.e commercefair.comwww.google.com//assingnmentone commerce in Bangladeshwww.scribd.com/doc/www.scibd.comreserchbusiness &in Bangladeshwww.slideshare.net/mobile-bankingsystem in BangladeshAppendices Questionnaire1. For how many years you are using e-commerce?(i)Less than one year(ii)One year but