John F. Kennedy s Work As A Politician - 2167 Words

On November 22, 1963, at 12:30 P.M. United States President John F. Kennedy and wife, Jacqueline Kennedy’s eleven mile route through downtown Dallas passed the Texas School Book Depository.1 It was here where three shots were fired in their direction.2 The initial bullet struck the president in the neck.3 President Kennedy was shot in the back of the head with the third and final bullet and was taken to Parkland Hospital where he was pronounced dead at 1:00 P.M.4 Three bullets were fired in the span of only six seconds.5 The face of the earth was altered in the span of only six seconds. A president had died in the span of only six seconds. These six seconds would live on forever, but has John F. Kennedy’s work as a politician? The failure†¦show more content†¦John F. Kennedy’s most recognized quality as president would arguably be his charisma. He carried a charm that only a few other presidents may have been able to match. Admittedly, to state that John F. Kennedy’s positive contributions as president begins and ends with his delightful and well documented personality would be an overstatement. His support was instrumental in the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlined protection for African Americans against discrimination.6 However, the passing of this bill could not outshine the many faults made by the Kennedy administration because the bill was improved and passed after his demise during the outpouring of sentiment toward the tragedy.7 John F. Kennedy’s presidential and personal life was tainted leaving nothing outstanding for his legacy, only a gap that was filled by his memorable death. His most prominent error during his presidency was the Bay of Pigs invasion. The relations between Cuba and the United States began to worsen due to Cuba siding itself with the Soviet Union, and for seizing property owned by North American shares.8 As a result, when John F. Kennedy stepped into office he was notif ied of a plot to overthrow Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro’s government.9 It was approved by Kennedy and carried out on April 17, 1961 at the Bay of Pigs in south-central Cuba.10 The U.S invasion force could not match up to Castro’s troops and the invasion failed nearly immediately.11 Kennedy and his

Customer Relationship Management ( Crm ) - 1223 Words

Customer relationship management (CRM) is an essential part of every modern business. At the beginning of 21st century, the customer power dramatically increased due to Internet and technology development. The objectives of CRM are to build profitable and long-term relationships with customers. CRM is a complete system that provides a 360-degree view of the customer. It is also a method that tends to capture the experience of the consumers, and gain their trust to remain loyal customers. It is also considered to be a philosophy with many different applications. One of them is that CRM is a strategic tool that involves marketing, sales, service, and supporting technologies that produce mutual value, revenue, solutions, and efficiency to businesses and customers. Through those applications CRM is focused on assisting the customer service process and identifying customers’ values. Its goal is focused on optimizing customers’ experiences through adding values to their servi ces. CRM is trying to bring the idea that business is not only offering products or services, but also an experience. It is like an inner window in customers’ needs that provides the necessary information to make their experience better. CRM strives to provide customers with a positive, happy experience each and every time. All companies want their products/services be visible in real time- at the right place, at the right time, at the right amount, and to the right customer. Therefore, in order to achieveShow MoreRelatedCustomer Relationship Management (CRM)845 Words   |  3 PagesRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It is an approach used to learn more about customers needs and manners in order to develop stronger relationships with them. Good customer relationships are at the core of business achievement. There are many technological mechanisms to CRM, but thinking about CRM in mainly technological terms is a mistake. The more useful way to think about CRM is as a calculated process that will help you better understand your customers’ needs and how you can meetRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay831 Words   |  4 Pages CRM: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Firm Profitability Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a tool that helps track, manage and supply information about customer’s interactions with an organization to help contribute to customer satisfaction that leads to customer loyalty. Additionally, CRM programs provide tools and applications designed to target their efforts on the most profitable customers, target new potential customers, and generate sales and maintain relationshipsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1510 Words   |  7 Pages1) Introduction: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a key business strategy that optimizes customer experience and increases service or product value. CRM represents a function that relates customer satisfaction, customer behaviour, customer value and profit of an organization. The main goal of integrating CRM software is to improve the sales functionality, such as providing real time customer data history to the sales departments. Other benefits of CRM software include impro ved targeted marketingRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )857 Words   |  4 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) The most important aspect of any company that is involved in medium to big projects, is the company’s relationship with its clients. It is so important that companies like BNSF Railways, which was awarded Customer Relationship Management Excellence Awards in 2006 by Gartner Inc. (Schwalbe, K., pp 56, 2010), boosted its sales by simply investing more in customer relationship management. To reinforce the importance of CRM, studies conducted by HUFS College ofRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1583 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 2 : CRM study 2.1 Defining CRM Customer relationship management (CRM) is an approach that company’s use to manage, analyze and interact with customers. It refers to the practices, strategies and the technologies used by companies to understand the customer’s needs and behavior in order to create and build relationships with customers and to follow them throughout the customer lifecycle with a focus on increasing retaining customers with driving the sales growth. The idea of a CRM system isRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) may be methodology} that supports degree organization’s decision-making method to retain long-term and profitable relationships with its customers. Some define CRM as simply a business strategy whereas others define it as a data-driven approach to assess customers’ current desires and gain The common variations of CRM include: operational CRM (O-CRM); analytical CRM (A-CRM); collaborative CRM (C-CRM); e-Commerce CRM (e-CRM); and mobile CRM (m-CRM) OperationalRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesare target markets, customer relationship management (CRM), technology and breakthrough opportunities, building relationships with customers, and most importantly, customer lifetime value. Target markets are part of a marketing strategy. It is a â€Å"fairly homogenous group† of customers who a company wants to appeal to (pg 33). To determine their target markets, companies look at age, location, gender and etc. For example, a firm that sells winter apparel will target customers who live in cold regionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is significant in the service marketing these days, customers are the major element that relates to the company growth and profits. Understanding the customer purchase behavior and relationship is a key of success that commonly indicates the B2B B2C relationship management. CRM system provides the customer information that shows what customer wants and needs, and help sales person to increase the customer relationship with the organizationRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )3159 Words   |  13 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) is a strategy for operating all your enterprise’s relationships and interactions with your clients and future clients (What is CRM.) The CRM industry has been molded by monolithic trends over its lifetime. Back in the late 90s, intranets, extranets and the internet altered CRM into more collaborative approaches. The move to cloud has transformed CRM and the relative merchant success. It has definitely encouraged several more users to implement CRM solutionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )869 Words   |  4 Pageswhat the customer wants from them. Many companies have come to realize that customers and the service they receive are very important in expanding their brand. Because of that recognition, most businesses of the twenty-first century have developed customer relationship management (CRM) initiatives to better relate to their customer bases. What does customer relationship management (CRM) mean? Kurtz defines CRM as a set of strategies and tools that companies use to learn about customers (Kurtz, 2015

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology System. Answer: Introduction: Transvaginal ultrasound: Ultrasound utilizes sound waves to make a picture of visceral organs. In this case, a wand is passed through the vagina into the uterus and takes a picture which shows whether the endometrium is thick or not (Charles, 2017). If so, a biopsy may be done. CT scan: A 3-dimensional image of the uterus is taken using x-rays through different angles. The computer then combines the images where a tumour and its size can be seen to confirm the diagnosis. Hallo Maria, the female reproductive system is responsible for conception. At the external genital area, there lies a vulva that contains various organs like the clitoris, the urethral orifice, the labia majora and minora and the introitus (Martini and Bartholomew, 2017). The introitus opens into the vagina. Then the vagina into the uterus, which houses a fetus after conception and is in the lower abdomen. The uterus is connected to the ovaries by fallopian tubes. The ovaries eject a mature ovum to the fallopian tubes, and in a region called the isthmus, this ovum is fertilised after coitus (Alessandria et al., 2015). Then it moves to the uterus where it develops until one gives birth. Now, the uterus has various layers on its wall, and the innermost is known as the endometrium. This is the centre of our focus. The individual cells that form your endometrium always divide in a normal and controlled process known as mitosis. However, some factors may make these cells to divide at an u ncontrollable rate, a condition we are calling endometrial uterine cancer. As the cells divide uncontrollably, the endometrial wall grows, a reason you presented with abdominal swelling. Moreover, the growth also exerts pressure on capillaries, which eventually rupture (Martini and Bartholomew, 2017). Also, the growth itself may produce more hormones that cause discomfort and eventual bleeding. This is the reason you presented with per vaginal bleeding. Stage 2 cancer stage means that the cancerous cells have covered the main uterine body and the lower uterine segment called the cervix (Alessandria et al., 2015). Treatment option: One of the treatment options for stage 2 cancer is surgery that involves a hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and the removal of para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes (Mayo Clinic, 2017). The lymph nodes can then be examined for further signs of metastases through biopsy. Nursing issue: The priority nursing issue that arises from this form of treatment is acute pain related to a surgical incision. Goal: Maria will describe a satisfying control of pain at levels below three on a scale rating of 0 to 10 after surgery (Mayo Clinic, 2017). She will also record an improvement in her well being especially the baseline vital signs like pulse rate, respirations, temperature and blood pressure. Additionally, she will have a relaxed posture and a normal tone of the muscles. Another goal is that Maria will utilise non-pharmacological and pharmacological forms of pain management (Rosenfeld and Loose, 2014). Furthermore, she will display an improved mood and coping postoperatively. Immediately acknowledge Marias reports of pain. This fact is because a lengthy response to a patients pain exacerbates anxiety and stress. Cognitive behavioural strategies including imagery, relaxation, distraction and breathing techniques will be explained to her. Clean the incision site and dress it well to prevent infections. Administer all the medications prescribed after surgery. Administer a non-opioid agent like acetaminophen or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. NSAIDS are active in the peripheral tissues by blocking the prostaglandin synthesis that enhances nociception (Lippincott, 2013). Administer an opioid analgesic if the pain is not relieved by NSAIDS. The opioid to be administered is morphine. Report any unsuccessful measures undertaken to the oncologist and the physician (Lippincott, 2013). Reassure Maria that pain is limited and it is manageable mostly by patient factors such as a positive image of herself (Rosenfeld and Loose, 2014). References Alessandria, S., Norese, G., Gorosito, F., Lange, M., Nlting, M. and Bermudez, A. (2015). Early stage endometrial cancer: laparoscopy vs. laparotomy.International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 25, p.70. Charles, P. (2017). Cancer of the Uterus (Uterine Cancer or Endometrial Cancer).Journal of Medicine, [online] pp.1-6. Available at: https://www.medicinenet.com/uterine_cancer/article.htm [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Lippincott, W. (2013).Brunner and suddarth's textbook of medical -surgical nursing 12th ed. + nursing diagnosis, ... 1st ed. [Place of publication not identified]: Wolters Kluwer Health. Martini, F. and Bartholomew, E. (2017).Essentials of anatomy physiology. 1st ed. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. Mayo Clinic. (2017).Overview - Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/home/ovc-20205704 [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Rosenfeld, G. and Loose, D. (2014).Pharmacology. 1st ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Star wars Return of the Jedi book paper Summary Essay Example For Students

Star wars Return of the Jedi book paper Summary Essay Luke Jaywalker is the son of the Empires evil enforcer Dart Evader and favors alongside his new friends to defeat him. The Empire has a mighty weapon that must be destroyed and the only way to do that is to attack a small moon that shields the Death Star. Initially they are sidetracked and captured by natives but after their companion is mistaken for a deity amongst the people, the natives join forces with the heroes. The heroes lead an attack against the overconfident Empire forces and destroy the shield in time for the rebel fleet to destroy the core of the Death Star. We will write a custom essay on Star wars Return of the Jedi book paper Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Meanwhile Luke had turned himself into Dart Evader and met his evil master, The Emperor. The Emperor tempts Luke to abandon his hopeless mission and turn to evil like his father but Luke looks to his love for his friends to deny the Dark Side pulling on him. The Emperor, angered and disappointed attempts to kill Luke but is stopped by Dart Evader who, finally having seen enough suffering, kills his evil master and redeems himself but not without suffering some mortal injuries. With their leadership dead the remaining Imperial forces are mopped up with ease, and he restoration of the Galaxy has begun. The recurring theme in the story of Star Wars is that there is always a tiny light in the biggest darkness and there is only room for it to grow. Dart Evader was long off the path of good but managed to call upon that last ounce of love for his only son to save him from the man who had caused so much suffering for him in the past. Good will always find its way and if it doesnt look like it will pull through, you be the change that is necessary. The story had several parallels in the time period of the world when it was Ritter. A notoriously evil government gets a weapon that is too powerful for anybody own good, this is very similar to nuclear weapons emergence from the Russians communist regime, and even more powerful than weapons of the past, similar to the hydrogen bomb or CUBIC. The reasonable people want to destroy it while unreasonable would use it for evil purposes and domination. Even though there was such an evil, the story still shows that against overwhelming shadow there is the recurring theme of good standing against all odds. Rebels fight the Imperials in tactics they rarely use because they trust Luke, Han, and Leila Will pull through With their task. The Story is narrated in such a way that three major events all focused on different parts of the same task are shown tat time. When they are all captured and the shield has not yet been lowered it makes the reader fear for the worst and never expect the ending of redemption and the unexpected ally that enables the victory on the ground, The Awoke natives really create the rising action to the climactic destruction of the Death Star. The author ally just wanted the reader to be surprised by the resolution of the battle. The characters Of Star Wars are very noticeably different than from when they started their journey. Luke has grown in such a way that he no longer had any remnant of the Whiny farm boy from the desert, though he had only aged a few years, he was wiser than beyond anyones expectations. Not only were his force abilities honed to perfection, he had grown patient and loved his friends enough to push away the evil when it engulfed him. .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f , .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .postImageUrl , .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f , .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f:hover , .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f:visited , .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f:active { border:0!important; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f:active , .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud9cc6b0016e986509c23f4bd5a6a306f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Review: Glory EssayLuke threw down his lighteners the Emperor coaxed him o give in to his hatred and kill his wounded father even when he knew the spoils would have been great. Luke was not alone in his transformation, however, as Han and Leila had moved on in their relationship and that really brought Han to care about someone other than himself. He even expresses the changes he has gone through when attempting to convince the awoke elders to assist the rebellion. He mentions all Of his friends as his reason for fighting then realizes that he fights for something even bigger than that, he truly wanted a better galaxy, one without tyranny. For the most part all the characters in the Star Wars story are mainly to appeal to any old person who feels that there can be something that they can do in the world. Luke, Han, and Leila are some of the most memorable characters from any story because of their dedication to their cause and friendship. There is never a moment where they are turned against each Other and they appeal to the reader in different ways, they reflect people you may know though they manage to escape belief because they live in that galaxy that is far, far away.

Language Learning Essays

Language Learning Essays Language Learning Essay Language Learning Essay Throughout time there have been many different ways of teaching foreign languages. Some of these methods work better than others, depending on the language Itself and the student learning it. There are ten different styles of teaching foreign languages which will be described In detail. After the ten styles are Caesar EAI D , tender will De a snort entry on wanly ones are most popular today. Humanly three different learning strategies will be described. Learning Methods The Grammar Translation Method The Grammar Translation Method utilizes the student memorizing different grammar, vocabulary, and phrases. This method focuses on grammatical rules. This is also considered the Classical Method. The Grammar Translation Method was invented when the western world wanted to learn Latin and Greek. The Grammar Translation Method depends a lot on reading texts. Through reading texts, the student will slowly memorize common phrases and run into uncommon words which they will then memorize. When reading the texts, the students begin a direct translation method. This method focuses very little on ever being able to speak the language, Just how to translate. Today, this method is only used for reading dead engages and is considered impractical by most foreign language teachers. [l] The Direct Method The Direct Method is also known as the Natural Method. This method ignores the language that the learner presently knows and only depends on the language which they will be learning. This method was first established in Germany and France. The concept of this method is that one will learn the language Just like how one learned their first language. [2] The Direct Method focuses more on getting correct speech then correct writing. The Direct Method puts most of its emphasis on the pronunciation of the vocabulary. Do to this fact, being learned like the students first language, text is kept away from the student as long as possible, since one cannot read at that young of an age. As a series of progression first comes orally learning, then reading text, then learning how to write the text. [3] The Audio-Lingual Method There are two other names for this method, Army Method (Due to its use in armies, when language is needed to be learned quickly) and New Key. This is a very behaviorism method of teaching. This method depends on a system of reinforcements in order to learn a language. This method is very similar to the Direct Method. This method also does not use the students previously known languages. In this method, the teacher says a phrase and the students repeat it. For example the teacher says, Put your pen on the desk. Students repeat the same thing. Then the teacher says, Pencil. Then the students say Put your pencil on the desk and so on. This method is not taught in schools because of its focus only on speech, and no writing or reading. 4] However, because of the focus on speech and the lack of reading and writing, speech is learned at a faster rate. A good example which this method would e beneficial for is if someone is traveling for business or leisure; due to quick learning AT speech Ana to no Touch on writing or rearing Communicative Language Teaching The Communicative Language Teaching style puts its emphasis on interaction within the language. The Communicative Lang uage Teaching style makes the student understand the language. This differs from Just teaching them how to speak and hear it. When something is read or heard, there is full comprehension of the concepts. This style wants the student to be able to perfectly communicate in all ways. This includes being competent in society. This style differs from others because it is not Just specific to speech, reading, writing, or translating. This style focuses on all of those factors in order to fully understand the language. A few examples of activities used in teaching this way are role play, games, work with a partner, and learning by teaching (see topic below). In schools, there is also regular quizzing and testing done by the teacher. 5] Language Immersion Language Immersion first occurred in Canada when English speaking families wanted their children to learn French. [6] The concept of Language Immersion is elated to the concept, If one puts someone in the middle of a pool, they will eventually learn to swim. If one puts a person in a community who speaks a certain language, the language will be learned. There are five different types of Language Immersion. The first is a full immersion. This is when the students class time is completely spent in the foreign language, with none of the original language is spoken. In this method, students slowly pick up the language, but then accelerate quickly. Next is the partial immersion. This is when half of the class time is spent in the foreign language. The students will try to understand and speak as much of the foreign language as possible, but will revert back to their native language if something is unclear. Third is two-way immersion. This is also known as dual or bilingual immersion. This is in a classroom with people who have many different language backgrounds. There is the target language, the one which is wanted to be learned, and the native language, the one which is spoke to most in the area. Then it turns into partial where half the class is the target language and the other half is the language which is mostly spoke in the area. Fourth is content-based foreign language in elementary schools. Due to the long name it is shortened to FLEES. Only 5% to 15% of the class is done speaking the foreign language. The rest of the class is learning the language. Learning consists of listening, speaking, writing, and reading the target language. Fifth and finally is FLEX or the foreign language experience. This is a method which does not really deal with physically learning the language but with how to learn a language. The student learns how to pick up common words and phrases. The student also learns to develop listening skills and cultural awareness. Walt all AT tense met noose ten earlier ten student Is exposed to Taster ten student wall pick up a language. This makes the language more native to the student if the student were to learn it when they were in elementary school rather to college or even out of college for a business venture. Minimal This method is used for teaching people English as a foreign language. The focus of this is what exactly what the name says, to teach the learner the minimal. Students learn how to say common phrases, ask basic questions, answers, and anything else which is needed to communicated in the most minimal sense. The only reading which takes place is the most basic possible, like childrens books. Blended learning is used in this method too. Such as an online class or computer programs helping the student to learn. Directed Practice Direct practice is one of the most basic learning methods. All that is done is the students memorizing common phrases. This is the absolute bare minimum to get around in a country which the persons native language is not spoken. This method is used by the US for diplomatic trips. Learning is very quick, but the resulting knowledge is limited. Learning by Teaching Learning by teaching was first used in Germany. The student trades places with the teacher, making the student teach the class. Students tend to learn quickly due to the stress put on them. This method is solely used by itself but is more likely to be used in combination with any of the previous methods. Silent Way In the sasss, known for his great innovation in teaching styles, Caleb Gotten, invented the silent way. The silent way is known as the most humanistic approach to teaching. It is called the silent way because the teacher participates as little as possible, even leaving the room at points for the students to experiment using the language on their own terms. It is associated with color word charts, where each phoneme is a different color. [7] See Appendix A for a wall chart example. Other Methods One of the most up-and-coming ways of learning is through sources outside of a class room. This is not book. This is audio and video learning. Recently there has an outburst of audio learning collections, video learning collections, and even computer programs. One of the most popular audio learning series is the Pimples Language Learning system. Plusher was a world renowned expert In linguistic. I Nils serious contains many different languages for the student to choose from. The audio sets are divided up into several different thirty minuet lessons. There is a strong focus on core vocabulary. This method involves much listening, repeating, and recall. This method uses a gradual recall method making the recall time of words and phrases from seconds to minutes to hours to days to months to years. [8] Another up and coming way of learning is the Michel Thomas Method. Michel Thomas has been hired by many Hollywood stars to teach them how to speak a certain language for a movie. This method is used both in class room and with an audio compact disk set. Students translate English sentences into the target engage, starting with simple phrases and progressing to complex sentences. A well known exercise in this program is when the student is asked to give an answer to a question in the foreign language, and then the teacher repeats the whole answer with correct pronunciation. If the student was wrong, the teacher helps the student to make the mistake and corrects it. This CD set breaks grammar into smaller sections that most others. The final miscellaneous way of learning is over a computer program, or audio/ visual. The most popular up-and-coming version is the Rosetta Stone. Besides being available on CD-ROOM, Rosetta Stone also offers online courses for sale by monthly periods. Rosetta Stone boasts software sets of 30 different languages. The concept Rosetta Stone uses is a Dynamic Immersion Method. This is comparable to the Immersion Methods described above. Many different lessons are covered including lessons on colors, letters, numbers, verbs, money, and many more. In every lesson there is listening, reading, and speaking. The program even has speech recognition technology, to see if what the student is saying is correct. Rosetta Stone has earned many awards including best CD-Rooms Used in School, Best CD-ROOM for Language earning and Best Software in Second Language. [9] Most schools will use a combination of multiple styles in order to achieve the optimum level of learning. However three are the most popular, these are: Communicative Language Teaching, the Direct Method, and Language Immersion. The first two are usually used in class rooms and the third is usually used when a new language is needed to be learned at a young age. Finally, the most effective up- and-coming program is the Rosetta Stone software. Rosetta Stone complies the most effective ways of learning into one, creating the ultimate learning program, until omen invents a new one of course. Learning Strategies There are three different learning strategies which are proven to help improve ones ability to learn a language. These strategies include code switching, blending learning, and private tutoring. Owe selecting Code switching is when the speaker is speaking the foreign language but reverts back to their native language at a point. This happens because they are not fluent in the foreign language. This encourages the speaker to become more fluent in the language being learned. People who speak English are more common to fall into a ode switch, due to English popularity in the world. Most people in the world will understand simple phrases in English. This still allows the speaker to attempt to speak fluently, and the listener to understand everything which is being said, even though it is not all in the target language. 10] Blending Learning Blended learning consists of combining class time with an outside program, such as Rosetta Stone. It can also consist of an online class, where the class meets a certain amount of times though out the program. The class can meet at the end of chapters, lessons, or whatever the teacher desires. The meetings can consist of more learning, student questions, or quizzes and tests. This learning strategy provides learners who wish to have class time, but do not necessarily have the time to meet multiple times a week. It also combines the best of both world, being in class learning and the audio/visual learning though a computer or video. [11] Private Tutoring Private tutoring is always an effective way to learn anything. With a private tutor, the students gets a teacher devoted to Just themselves not an entire class. In the sense of a private tutor teaching a foreign language, a person who is native to the entry/language is preferred. Besides them Just being able to teach how to read, write, and speak a language, they will also teach the student about the society in that country on a personal account. The downfall to private tutoring is the price. Pricing for a private class is always much higher than taking a class on the language. However, the learner is paying a price for a specialized lesson based on the learners learning style. Conclusion As seen, there are many different ways which styles can be taught, and different strategies which will help with perfection. The style chosen is dependent on the dents learning style, and how in depth they want to learn the language. Do they wish to Just learn the language, or learn the culture behind it too?

The Military Draft

The Military Draft The Army is the only branch of the U.S. Armed forces which has relied on conscription, popularly known in the U.S. as The Draft. In 1973, at the end of the Vietnam War, Congress abolished the draft in favor of an all-volunteer Army (AVA). The Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard are not meeting recruiting goals, and junior officers are not re-enlisting. Soldiers have been forced to fight in Iraq for long tours of duty, with little relief in sight. These pressures have caused some leaders to insist that reinstating the draft is inevitable. The draft was abandoned in 1973 in large part due to protests and a general belief that the draft was unfair: that it targeted less affluent members of society because, for example, of college deferments. However, that was not the first time Americans had protested a draft; that distinction belongs to the Civil War, with the most famous riots occurring in New York City in 1863. Today the all-volunteer Army is criticized because its ranks of minorities are disproportionate to the general population and because recruiters target less affluent teenagers who have poor job prospects after graduation. It is also criticized for its access to the nations youth; high schools and colleges that receive federal monies are required to allow recruiters on campus. Pros Conscription for military service is a classic debate between individual liberty and duty to society. Democracies value individual liberty and choice; however, democracy does not come without costs. How should those costs be shared? George Washington makes the case for mandatory service: It must be laid down as a primary position and the basis of our (democratic) system, that every citizen who enjoys the protection of a free Government owes not only a proportion of his property, but even his personal service to the defence of it. It was this ethic that led the U.S. to adopt mandatory militia service for white males in the late 1700s. The modern equivalent is voiced by Rep. Rangel (D-NY), a veteran of the Korean War: I truly believe that those who make the decision and those who support the United States going into war would feel more readily the pain thats involved, the sacrifice thats involved, if they thought that the fighting force would include the affluent and those who historically have avoided this great responsibility...Those who love this country have a patriotic obligation to defend this country. For those who say the poor fight better, I say give the rich a chance. The Universal National Service Act (HR2723) would require all men and women aged 18-26 to perform military or civilian service in furtherance of the national defense and homeland security, and for other purposes. The required term of service is 15 months. This differs from a draft lottery, however, as its goal is to apply equally to all. Cons Modern warfare is high tech and has changed dramatically since Napoleans march to Russia, the battle of Normandy or the Tet Offensive in Vietnam. There is no longer a need for massive human cannon fodder. Thus one argument against the draft is that the Army needs highly skilled professionals, not just men with combat skills. When the Gates Commission recommended an all-volunteer Army to President Nixon, one of the arguments was economic. Even though wages would be higher with the volunteer force, Milton Freedman argued that the net cost to society would be lower. In addition, the  Cato Institute argues  that selective service registration, which was reauthorized under President Carter and extended under President Reagan, should also be eliminated: The sign-up was always intended to quickly generate a large conscript armysimilar to Americas 13-million-man military in World War IIfor a protracted conventional war against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact centered in Europe. Today that kind of conflict is a paranoid fantasy. Consequently, the premium for registration insurance would be better spent elsewhere. And an early 1990s  Congressional Research Service report  says an expanded reserve corps is preferable to a draft: A requirement for major increases in combat forces could be met much more quickly by activating more reserves than by instituting a draft. A draft would not provide the trained officers and non-commissioned officers to man effective units; it would only turn out freshly trained junior enlisted recruits.

Opposing Electronic Medical Records Research Paper

Opposing Electronic Medical Records - Research Paper Example The costs of procuring EMRs are relatively high when compared to the cost for using the paper health records. The startup cost of procuring the EMRs is rather high and this means that organizations with low budgets would have to pay through their noses in order to make it their primary source of keeping medical records. Instead of procuring these rather expensive EHRs, these organizations would definitely prefer the option of using the paper health records and would have more money to use for other projects. The ease of entering the data in the paper health records when compared with the difficulties faced by health personnel in making entries on the EHRs has made the use of EHRs to be unpopular in the area of medical records. â€Å"Technology has continued to move forward at a rapid pace, but many organizational and human issues have slowed the pace of implementation of automated systems for an electronic documentation record† (Young, 2000, p. 106). Different organizations and health personnel have issues with the use of the EMRs in keeping medical records and would rather prefer the use of paper health records considering the ease of use. The technicalities involved in the use of the EHRs have also made physicians to opt for the use of paper health records. One of the problems with the EMR technology is the â€Å"physician resistance to emerging and often unfamiliar technology.† (Iyer, Levin, & Shea, 2006, p.314). It is necessary for the users of the EHRs to have some form of technical knowledge as this would guarantee that they would not make errors that would hamper the documentation process. The fear of errors and the other technical problems that are associated with the use of the EHRs is a problem that is making physicians to prefer the paper health records. Most EHRs are not user-friendly and these would definitely affect the implementation of the information system (Young,

Corparate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Corparate finance - Essay Example In the case of Hoad limited the capital investment is the resources needed to acquire new and replace old production equipment. Organizations should come up with efficient capital investment plans for how the budget should be allocated and how the financing will be acquired. An organization can obtain funds through two approaches namely equity and debt. Equity investments refer to a situation where the company offers ownership to investors or uses retained earnings to finance projects (Dow, 2009: p.91). In the case of Hoad limited, the retained earnings and issuing of more stock won’t be adequate to fund their intended capital expenditure. The other option that is viable to Hoad limited is the use of debts. Debt financing involves acquiring investors who receive a promise of future payments without acquiring ownership of the organization (Dow, 2009: p.91). Deciding on the best funding approach is relevant for Hoad Limited given that investment is a crucial component for organizations. Though markets may be the preferred mode of financing in developed countries for organizations, establishing an alternative finance option is critical in regions with underdeveloped stock exchange (Allen, Carletti, Qian, & Valenzuela, 2012: 4). In regions with under-developed stock exchange, a well-established system is crucial in exploiting the gains from trade. These opportunities ought to be matched with relevant funding based on the standard and non-standard sources and also domestic and international sectors. Before Hoad limited decides on the best approach to adopt in acquiring debts to finance the capital expenditure, the organization has to evaluate its capital structure and determine the best way forward. The business has to decide whether to use more equity or more debt in its capital structure (Dow, 2009: p.95). The company can increase its expected returns when the return from a capital investment is greater than the cost of

Industrial Clusters Essay Example for Free

Industrial Clusters Essay The software industry clusters in India had emerged in a few cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Kolkatta, when conducive conditions became available. This paper highlights the development of the software industry clusters along with some setbacks suffered by them, and the pros and cons of industrial clusters. Arora (2007) reported that the early software industry clusters in India had emerged in Bangalore due to the existence of private engineering colleges, which provided a large number of fresh engineering graduates for the Indian software companies to provide services for software exports. see more:essay on bangalore city Ramachandran and Ray (2003) mentioned that the late software industry clusters mushroomed in the Indian cities of Hyderabad and Kolkatta due to the impetus provided by the entrepreneurship of the state as well as the individuals. According to Khomiakova (2007), these industry clusters have witnessed setbacks, which include an â€Å"overstressed infrastructure,† a steep rise in the cost of real estate, and scarcity of skilled professionals due to a progressive increase in demand being more than the supply. Arora (2007) highlighted that the major advantages of the software industry clusters in India include generation of employment for millions of young graduates, enhancement of productivity, and an increase in investments by Indian as well as multinational companies. Consequently, the development of industry clusters has prevented migration of local graduates to other Indian cities, and also, helped in the economic growth of the city, its state and India. However, their major disadvantage has been marginal loss of business and employment in the IT sector of developed countries, which have outsourced work to these industry clusters. The software industry clusters originated due to the prevalence of favorable conditions in some Indian cities, and they have redefined the global business operations of the IT industry.

Dynamic Characters and Survival in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath

Dynamic Characters and Survival in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath In the American epic novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, there are pivotal and dynamic changes that occur in the various significant characters of Jim Casy, Ma Joad, and Tom Joad. Steinbeck specifically uses these characters to show their common realizations about all of humanity, in order to demonstrate his underlying meaning about the importance of people coming together, helping each other out, and surviving. Ma Joad illustrates this idea clearly when she speaks to Tom mid-way through the novel: â€Å"Why, Tom, we’re the people that live. They ain’t gonna wipe us out. Why we’re the people--we go on.† (350) Early in the novel we are introduced to a journeying preacher named Jim Casy, who has already been drifting for four years. He has gone through a dynamic change, and through the course of the novel he learns how to apply his new Emerson worldview of an Oversoul that all of humanity is a part of. Jim Casy sees the good in all things and people: â€Å"There ain’t no sin and there ain’t no virtue. There’s just stuff people do.† (30) He therefore shares a concern for and a need to be with the people. It isn’t until later in the novel, however, that Jim Casy becomes fully aware of the truth behind his ideas. When he sacrifices to go to jail for Tom, he learns in prison about the strength and power of men working together to reach their goals. Jim Casy is murdered after he gets out of jail, trying to put some of these new ideas into action. His message only comes into true realization after his death, as it branches out and attracts followers suc h as Tom Joad, but it can be seen in many of the actions of Ma Joad throughout the book. To... ... She comforts the Wilsons, feeds the starving nameless faces when she barely has enough for her own family, works together with the Wainwrights, and as the novel closes she is still directing her assistance to those who are in need any way she can, by helping the starving man and taking control of the situation. She feels that as long as she can hold on to some part of the family, she will see to it that they keep on going. Thus with the Joads and company, the journey West is also a journey from personal concern for oneself, to a larger concern for all of humanity. When there doesn’t seem to be anything left, at least you have each other, the people. That is what will endure, continue, live on, and populate the world. Ma reassures the family at the end of the novel that they are not going to die out, they may change a little, but they will go right on.

Cause and Effect of Cigarette Smoking

It is mandatory for this message to be printed on every pack because of how serious the effects of smoking are and how easy it is to become addicted to smoking them. There are millions of campaigns and advertisements against cigarette smoking communicating to the world that this terrible habit causes many illnesses ultimately leading to death. But a threat to health obviously does not seem to be a good enough reason for people to quit anymore, people somehow block this important information and ignore all of the possible consequences they are facing themselves with when they continue to smoke. The purpose of this essay is to discuss some of the many effects of cigarette smoking, including the broadly mentioned possibility of developing cancer or dying. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. Cigarette smoking is directly responsible for 87 percent of lung cancer cases in the United States annually. Both non small cell lung cancer and small lung cancer can be caused by cigarette smoking, cigar smoking and second hand smoke. It can be difficult to diagnosis lung cancer early because the symptoms often do not present themselves aggressively until the disease is in advanced stages, which puts people in an even worse situation. If cancer is found, the doctor will take the time to do some staging which is determining whether it has spread to other parts of the body such as the brain or bones. One of the stages is referred to as Stage 0 non-small cell lung cancer which is also called carcinoma. It is the earliest stage that lung cancer can typically be detected but unfortunately for people bound to consume this cancer, it is rarely found at this stage, and when it is, it is normally an incidental finding when testing is done for some other reason. Lung cancer should be completely curable at this stage, meaning not in all cases. With that being said, many people with stage 0 lung cancer, have or will develop second primary cancers. 20 percent of all deaths from heart disease in the United States are directly related to cigarette smoking. The heart is the most important organ in the body, pumping blood, life-giving oxygen and nutrients to all tissues of the body. If the pumping action of the heart becomes inefficient, vital organs like the brain and kidneys suffer, like a chain reaction. Death will occur within minutes if the heart stops working altogether. It is astonishing how life itself is completely dependent on the efficient operation of the heart and people still decide to take up the habit of smoking, leading to this disease. There are many kinds of heart disease, each of them affecting the heart in several ways, one of them being coronary artery disease which is directly related to smoking. Coronary artery disease is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, creating blockages in the vessels that nourish the heart itself. Atherosclerosis occurs when the arteries become clogged and narrowed, restricting blood flow, ultimately starving the heart of oxygen and other vital nutrients it depends on to work properly. Lungs become damaged due to reactions to irritants entering the airways and alveoli and lead to emphysema. The major cause of emphysema is smoking. When people are exposed to cigarette smoke, the air sacs of the lungs create defensive cells known as macrophages, which eat the inhaled particles. Macrophages are stimulated to release materials which can destroy the proteins that allow the lungs to expand and contract, called collagen. This causes difficulty for a person to exhale so the next breath taken is started with more air in the lungs. The trapped old air takes up space so the alveoli, tiny air sacs in lungs, are unable to fill with enough fresh air to supply the body with the appropriate oxygen. This causes someone to be short of breath and diminishes the ability to properly exhale. Will all of the information provided in the world and all of the advertisement including the warning posted on every pack of cigarettes against the use of these harmful vises, you would think we would have less smokers, but that is incorrect. You would also assume that with all the damage that comes with smoking over the years, including death; that we would have fewer smokers, but again, that is incorrect. People still insist on putting themselves in harm’s way and continue to be smokers.

Consumer Behavior Ritz

Ritz already had a major presence In the cracker aisle, but to sell this new product being old as a chip, they had to decide If they should move their product amongst other direct chip competitors. The salty snack part of the store contains mainly all the chips products, nuts etc. But as mentioned in the video, it is difficult to put just a single product in a section of a store where Ritz did not already have a presence. So keeping it next to the crackers ensured they would bring a strong presence in supporting their new product, as well as making it packaged in a bag rather than a box to represent a different product. ) How did language affect the marketing of the new Ritz Chip? The new Ritz Chip language affected marketing because they had to make sure the characteristics of the new product would attain the qualities of a chip and the flavor of Ritz. Therefore, the packaging and product had to communicate the product effectively to consumers what Ritz was trying to sell. The big b old words on the bag was also another way to communicate the intentions of their new product extension. 5) Do you feel it was a wise decision for Ritz Chips to be in placed in the cracker aisle rather than in the salty snack aisle of the grocery store with the other chips?Explain. Yes, people tend to overlook brands that have a few items taking up little bit of shelf space. It hints that the product does not sell well or doesn't have many varieties to offer. The competitors like Lays, Gunship, etc. Take whole sections of space in the aisle and dominate all the other brands that have a handful of products, which usually are overlooked by consumers when they are shopping. Not to mention seeing the word RITZ on a bag that is boxy next to Lays potato chips will make the person think, â€Å"l don't want crackers.However, if I am In the cracker aisle and see their toasted chips next to crackers, the product will look more chip-Like In comparison. 6) Discuss the differences that exist bet ween the cracker Image and the chip Image as It relates to brand extension. How does this affect a product's marketing strategy? Crackers towards older people; tend to be bland in flavor, eaten with soup when it gets cold, consumed when one is sick, etc. While chips are more youthful, kids are always shown in commercials eating them as well as more active adults; associated with mummer, more flavor, have a bigger variety and the list goes on.So in essence, chips are more fun, youthful, flavor, while Ritz crackers are associated with old people, cold weather, eaten when sick or with soup, basically not the most fun feel- good item one can purchase. The marketing strategy would have to use the brand power and reliability of Ritz, but offer a different younger, flavor product showing it's a product that is capturing the qualities of chips besides Just the taste and texture, but the illusion surrounding it.

Is Wuthering Heights Romance or Tragedy essays

Is Wuthering Heights Romance or Tragedy essays Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living (Bronte, 163)! In this quote, Heathcliffs pain from Catherines death is obvious. Wuthering Heights is a Victorian novel regarding the lives of the Earnshaws and Lintons. Through three generations, they all experience wave after wave of tragedy all originating with Heathcliffs overwhelming desire for revenge against the Lintons. This hatred is brought on by the treatment Heathcliff receives from the Lintons as well as Edgar Lintons marriage to Catherine, his soul mate. Although many passages of love are exposed in Wuthering Heights, the true genre of this book is tragedy due to the role of characters other than Heathcliff, the untraditional happy ending, and the death of the heroine early in the story. The role of several characters makes this novel a tragedy. Hindley, Hareton, Cathy, and Linton would be completely unneeded if this were a true love story. Hindley becomes Heathcliffs Nemesis from the very beginning. He is cruel and hateful towards Heathcliff. He [Hindley] drove him [Heathcliff] from their company to the servants, deprived him of the instructions of the curate, and insisted that he should labour out of doors instead, compelling him to do so as hard as any other lad on the farm (Bronte, 49). Hareton is also unessential to a love between Catherine and Heathcliff. Hareton is Hindleys son and is treated like a slave, much the way Heathcliff was treated as a boy by Hindley. At one point, Heathcliff, talking to Nelly, describes what is in store for Hareton, I know what he suffers now, for instance, exactly; it is merely a beginning of what he shall suffer, though"(Bronte, 211). Hareton and Cathys love does make for a reconciliation of all this tragedy. However, it is after the majority of the book and therefore does not negate the previous misfortune. Linton is a path ...

Answers to Questions About Possessives

Answers to Questions About Possessives Answers to Questions About Possessives Answers to Questions About Possessives By Mark Nichol Here are three queries from DailyWritingTips.com readers about pesky apostrophes, followed by my responses. 1. Please tell me the proper placement of an apostrophe when making possessive a singular abbreviation that ends in an s. In other words, for â€Å"Office of Financial Services,† should it be written OFS’s or OFS’, or something different? Either form is correct, depending on which style you use. Associated Press style, for example, which prevails in newspaper journalism and other less formal contexts, requires the possessive form for the spelled-out name as shown here: â€Å"The Office of Financial Services’ report has been delayed,† so the abbreviated form is â€Å"The OFS’ report has been delayed.† However, The Chicago Manual of Style, which prevails in book publishing and other more formal contexts, and similar style guides recommend, for example, â€Å"The Office of Financial Services’s report has been delayed.† The abbreviated form is â€Å"The OFS’s report has been delayed.† I recommend this style. (Note that an s follows the apostrophe even when a word or an abbreviation ends in s, such as in â€Å"Thomas’s report has been delayed.†) 2. I edit corporate documents that use this rule: The first time a government name appears in the document, spell out the name for example, National Institutes of Health and follow it in parentheses with its acronym (NIH). But when the name’s first appearance in the document is in the possessive form, do I use the possessive form in the parentheses? For example, should it read, â€Å"The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH’s) new mandate is clear† or â€Å"The National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) new mandate is clear†? The Chicago Manual of Style does not cover this issue, but its website recommends what I suggest to resolve the related issue in this post: Recast the sentence to avoid the possessive form (â€Å"The new mandate of the National Institutes of Health is clear†). 3. The title of a brochure I’m designing is â€Å"Wholesale Buyer’s Guide.† Is the possessive apostrophe needed on Buyer’s, or is it just â€Å"Wholesale Buyers Guide†? Or, perhaps, â€Å"Wholesale Buyers’ Guide†? â€Å"Buyers Guide,† â€Å"Buyer’s Guide,† and â€Å"Buyers’ Guide† are all common, and they all have some merit, though I favor the latter. In â€Å"Buyers Guide,† Buyers is an attributive noun one that serves as an adjective (just like school in â€Å"school bus† or window in â€Å"window seat†). It means, essentially, â€Å"guide of the buyers,† which I don’t think sufficiently expresses that idea that it’s something offered for someone’s use. â€Å"Buyer’s Guide† suggests that it’s for one person technically correct, but the guide was created for all buyers, not just one, so I think â€Å"Buyers’ Guide† is the best option. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Yay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

NURSE PRESCRIBING (the subject area is HEALTH VISITING) Essay

NURSE PRESCRIBING (the subject area is HEALTH VISITING) - Essay Example The actions that has been taken so far should also be recorded and any kind of medication that the Kellie may have received. When the drug history is being recorded, there should be a reference on any OTC and any other therapies that Kellie could have used before. These are like the herbal or the homeopathic remedies. It may hard for Shelly to give this information as some of the remedies used may not appear to have any effect. Thus making her understand what is means of alternative therapies is important. At this point it is important to note of any drug allergies that Kellie could have and they be noted in her notes. When Shelly presents the condition of her child, it is imperative to bear in mind that alternative treatment options ought to be taken into consideration prior to writing a prescription. With this, there are things that need to be considered. The first thing is the diagnostic recognized? The symptoms that appear in Kellies have to be assessed so as to be sure of the diagnostic. In the case of Kellie, the presence of egg cases discarded on the head ought to be investigated. These usually attach themselves on the shaft of the hair, and they remain even after the head lice have cleared. These however may not assure the presence of head lice. Thus one should continue and look for at least the presence of a head louse. The other thing that should be considered is if a GP referral is shown. In the case of Kellie there was no referral that was present. The nurse also ought to consider if any prescription is required at all. This can only be given in cases where the need is genuine. It should be born in mind that some patients may want to get a prescription for some other reasons other than to get treated for their illnesses. Thus before the nurse prescribes any medication for Kellie should make sure that she is infested with head lice and that she does not want to gain her mother’s attention. The health visitor should also do a physical

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example This thought was advanced by economists of the free market school of thought into the neo-liberalism economics. This new school of thought emerged a century later following the burst of free market ideals, growing out of the existing liberalism economics theory. What therefore was this old liberalism theory all about? Economic liberalism prevailed in America in the 1800 and early 1900 granting individuals the right to make profit in an increasingly unregulated market. Profit was therefore pursuable at no restrictions; an anything goes analogy that would soon plunge the world into unfathomed crisis a few decades later. Subsequent to the economic crush of the 1929 occasioned by the crash of the stock market, the world was plunged into major turmoil; this lead to the emergence of two primary concerns as to how to restore balance to economies that had been into chaos. Firstly, that government had the duty and obligation to spend where others (largely the private sector) would not. Second ly, and in stark opposition to this was, that the intervention of state was both pointless in addition to being potentially dangerous in the long-run health of the aggregate economy (Wapshott, 2011). These early debates still linger till now striking strong and ferocious debates and reactions both within the government and amongst corporate bodies. The subsidence of this World crisis and the decline in profitability in industries prompted the elite to revive economic liberalism leading to the development of neo-liberalism economics (Roberts, 2010). The neo-liberalism economics propagated for the exclusive rule of the markets within the economy; deregulation of government role on any aspect that would cut back on enterprise profitability (including workers’ safety, environment safety and workers’ unionization); privatization of public amenities and resources and reduced public welfare expenditure such as healthcare and education. On the global scale, the spread of this new world order was halted by the World Wars. Subsequent to these was the United States’ Marshall Plan that once more made Europe a major trading bloc with the United States. The tide of independence and freedom of markets was meanwhile blowing across the Atlantics greatly positioning the new economic order to states that were alien due to prolonged socialism and colonization (Robbins, 2004). It is against this widespread neo-liberalism particularly by the United Sates (in its newly found capacity as the world’s superpower) that economists such as Polanyi forecasted the setting in motions events that are yet to lead to another world crisis. The blatant permission of free market forces to be a lone determinant of the fate of humanity and the natural environment would ultimately result in the destruction of society (Polanyi, 2001). However, in an apparent contradiction of his prophecy, Polanyi further went to argue that such a societal destruction could not abound since the developments within the system would guarantee the supremacy of society over the economic system.

Has advertising helped to make men more self conscious about their Essay

Has advertising helped to make men more self conscious about their appearance Evaluate whether this might be a good or a bad thing - Essay Example The main reason for this is the amount of influence advertisements have on the society. There is no scope for doubt in the fact ‘advertising helped to make men more self conscious about their appearance’. When we go through the sales data of male oriented products world wide, we find a rapid shoot up in the business in the recent years. â€Å"In the United States, sales of male-specific cosmetics and toiletries went up 37.3 percent between 1998 and 2003, according to Euro monitor’s 2004 study, with total sales of such products hitting $3.8 billion in 2003†(as cited in http://www.naturalnews.com/005132.html). These sales would have multiplied many times by now. Many developing countries like India where men were least concerned about beauty matters have a men’s beauty parlor in every nook and corner offering the most modern beauty treatments. Metrosexuals are seen on all four sides and at least for some, feminity is substituting his macho man appearance. All pinks and bright oranges on a man are seen awkward though the guys are least co ncerned. He is too much conscious of how he looks and he is in front of the mirror whenever he can. It is still a debate if it is fair for the man to behave like a typical woman in his personal appearance matters. Not only does he takes care of his looks too much but also spends a huge amount of his earning on the same. For instance, let us check the sale details of Loreal Paris, the international cosmetic brand. â€Å"Together male perfumes and deodorant made up about two thirds of LOreals male cosmetic sales in 2007. The usage of male cosmetics has grown considerably over the last two decades. From 1990 to 2001, mens skincare usage increased from 4.5% to 21%. In addition, men skincare usage in Western Europe has increased about 28% between 2001 and 2005. Cosmetics companies have even began to penetrate the over-40 market, which is not as saturated as the

The Importance Of Export Diversification

The Importance Of Export Diversification Earlier a countrys economic development was based either on the degree of specialization or diversification of a countrys production and trade structure. Based on Adam Smiths concept towards division of labour and specialization for economic growth and development to Heckscher-Ohlin Samuelson (HOS) model of international trade, countries should specialize in producing and specializing in the goods in which they have a comparative advantage. However, after the Second World War, the idea was that economic growth and development may be achieved by export diversification (not specialization). There were active efforts by the government to promote industrialization and economic growth. Export diversification is often the primary objective of many developed countries. Export diversification is also equally important for many developing countries. Some of the developing countries are dependent on relatively small range of products, generally agricultural commodities. In other words, primary products constitute a large percentage of their overall export earnings. Some economists such as Prebisch have even suggested that there is a long term tendency for primary product prices to decline vis-à  -vis those for manufactured goods. Countries that are commodity dependent or have a narrow export basket usually faces export instability which arises from inelastic and unstable global demand. This can consequently have a significant adverse impact on the macro economy of least developed economies in terms of investment and employment. Thus export diversification is one means to alleviate these constraints. Export diversification refers to the move from traditional to non trad itional exports. Developing countries should diversify their exports since this can; for example, help them to overcome export instability. Diversifying the export portfolio could intensify and accelerate the economic growth. Export instability could discourage necessary investments in the economy by risk-averse firms, increase macroeconomic uncertainty and be damaging to longer term economic growth. Export diversification could therefore help to stabilize export earnings in the longer run (Ghosh and Ostry, 1994; Bleaney and Greenaway, 2001). Countries with the slightest level of export diversification are those which face instability in export earnings. Some examples of countries which have instability in export earnings due to very heavy reliance on exports of one or two commodities are Kiribati, Samoa, Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands. Reasons for export diversification Export diversification may be an important issue for developing countries for several reasons. First, a diversified bundle of export products provides a hedge towards price variations and shocks in specific product markets (Bertinelli et al., 2006; Levchenko and di Giovanni, 2006). Second, the type of products exported might affect economic growth and the potential for structural change (Hausmann et al., 2007; Hausmann and Klinger, 2006; Whang, 2006). Third, export diversification in the direction of more sophisticated products may be beneficial for economic development. Given these potential benefits of export diversification, an important policy question is what a country can do to diversify its exports. For poor countries to grow rich, it is important for them to modify the composition of their exports which will enable them to look more like that of rich countries. For over 50 years, economic and export diversification has been given high importance on the list of priorities for development policy. The argument was based on the observation that dependence on primary commodity production and exportation by developing countries expose them to commodity shocks, price fluctuations and declining terms of trade. As a result, a countrys foreign exchange reserves and the ability to have funds for imported inputs become subject to instability and uncertainty. The debates about the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis (1959) and the need for industrialization gave priority to diversify economies away from primary commodities because of unfavorable and declining terms of trade, slow productivity growth, and relatively low value added. There are several reasons for developing countries to have export diversification. Firstly, diversifying their bundle of exports will protect them from the risk of unpredictable declining trend in international prices of primary exportable commodities that, in turn, lead to unstable export earnings. Export diversification could therefore help out to stabilize export earnings in the longer run (Ostry, 1994; Greenaway, 2001). FAO (2004) maintains that due to the absence of export diversification in developing countries, decline and fluctuations in export earnings have negatively influenced income, investment and employment. Diversification provides the opportunities to extend investment risks over a wider portfolio of economic sector which eventually increase income (Acemoglu and Zilibotti 1997). Romer (1990) believes that diversification can be seen as an input factor that has an effect of increasing the productivity of other factors of production. Through exports it is also possible to build an environment that creates competition and as a result acquire new skills. Overall economic growth and acquisition of human capital may be slow if there is the absence of pressure from outside competitive forces (Husted and Melvin, 2007). Diversification helps countries to hedge against adverse terms of trade shocks by stabilizing export revenues. It enables them to direct positive terms of trade shocks into growth, knowledge spillovers and increasing returns to scale. Other industries in the country can also gain as export diversification can lead to knowledge spillovers from new techniques of production, management or marketing practices (AminGutierrez de Pineresand Ferrantino, 2000). Furthermore economic growth and structural change depends upon the type of products that is being traded (Hausmann et al., 2007; Hausmann and Klinger, 2006; Whang, 2006). Thus through export diversification, an economy can progress towards the production and exportation of sophisticated products which may highly contributes towards economic development. Export diversification allows the government of an economy to achieve some of its macroeconomic objectives namely sustainable economic growth, satisfactory balance of payment situation, employment and redistribution of income. Strategies to promote export diversification As we see there are potential benefits of export diversification, but the question remains that what a country can do to diversify its exports. Potential determinants of export diversification, such as country size and level of development, trade costs, international distance, and the costs of domestic entry are all potentially associated with larger diversification. What can encourage export diversification? All successful high growth economies have had strategies to promote export diversification. These strategies include: 1. Financial sector development and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Harding and Javorcik (2007) consider financial sector development and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can be helpful in promoting diversification. FDI can encourage exports of host countries by boosting domestic capital for exports, serving to transfer technology and new products for exports, making access to new and large foreign markets easy and improving technical and management skills. 2. Reduce Costs The main debate is associated to cost as export diversification is rather sensitive to costs. Kehoe and Ruhl (2003) with episodes of trade liberalization across 18 countries found variable trade costs to be related with extensive growth margin. Lower cost means that there are fewer obstacles for domestic firm when exporting. The World Bank Doing Business survey through its Trading Across Borders section has included information on the number of procedures required for importing and exporting, as well as the time taken to comply with them. It also included trade costs such as document costs, inland transport costs, customs costs, ports costs, administrative costs and so on. In broad terms, for the promotion of export diversification there must be incentive to make improvement on trade facilitation, i.e. set policy measures to reduce costs. Such policy measures include lowering domestic barriers to entry; facilitate company registration by reducing number of procedures and applying a f ixed registration fee, and removing the need for pre-tax payments. 3. Lowering barriers Lower barriers to firm entry and lower international trade costs, constitutes an important way in which developing countries can help diversify their export baskets. Export margin can be affected by changes in tariff rates and preferences (Debaere and Mostashari, 2005). In policy terms, one efficient way for developing countries to promote export diversification is to center regulatory reform efforts on making entry procedures simpler and less expensive, as well as on trade facilitation measures. 4. Learning-by-doing The endogenous growth model states that exports can be more diversified through learning-by-doing and learning-by-exporting and by adopting practices of developed countries (Pineres and Ferrantino, 1997) 5. Role of Government The government of an economy should play a leading role in the promotion of export. Investment should be directed into various sectors of industry. In so doing, the Government can make sure that investment is not being undertaken on more than just one specific sector so that a diverse industrial base can be built. The Government should provide a favorable environment to attracting new investment in the country. There may also be provision for favorable tax treatment to firms, tax holidays for export oriented undertakings, input used in the production of exports can also be exempted from value-added tax. Subsidies play an important role in promoting exports. Government can introduce cash incentive scheme which may benefit firms such as providing them with subsidies which will consequently encourage trade.. 6. Research and Development Efforts can be put into the RD activities to upgrade the level of industry. This can be done by the help of fiscal and financial incentives which will stimulate RD and technological innovation activities. Besides the Government, the banking system and other financial authorities should offer services to diversify and strengthen a countrys export. The banking system can facilitate diversification by its loan patterns. Schemes to diversify and promote exports need to be complemented by a suitable combination of fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies in order to be successful. 7. Variation in the structure of demand Imbs and Wacziarg (2003) proposed that a growing demand for a range of goods followed by an increase in a countrys income may lead to diversification. In other word, variation in the structure of demand leads to change in a countrys production pattern. Constraints to export diversification In spite of the liberalization in the export sector, there are still the presence of certain issues which limit export diversification especially in least developed countries. Klinger and Lederman put together on Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) to investigate a causal relationship from market failures to inadequate diversification. There may be clash with other national policies in an attempt to promote exports. Export diversification at times may be hindered by a number of factors: Low income elasticities of Demand Some developing countries are failing to export primary products due to the low income elasticities of demand for their primary products. Furthermore, prospects for developing countries to provide manufactured exports are poor because of the competition faced with the industrialized countries. Lack of finance Lack of adequate export finance is identified as a major constraint. Small and medium exporters tend to be more severely affected by this constraint. A fundamental problem of export diversification is the lack of adequate investment in the country, both domestic and foreign. Exporters may face the problem of acquiring export finance. High rate of interest on bank capital is also a constraint since it discourages them to take loan. In other words, exports are being restricted due deficiency in financing of trade by the countrys banking system. Lack of Adequate Infrastructure Efficient infrastructure is the pre-condition for good export performance. Inadequate functioning of infrastructure may adversely affect enterprises in many ways. There may be difficulty in the transportation of goods due to limitations in infrastructure. It obstructs production activities, delays movement of goods and passengers, leading to delay in the delivery of goods. It adds to business uncertainty and risk and imposes additional costs. Bureaucracy and market access Government rules and regulations relating to exports are complicated and too much paper work is needed. Considerable time is spent and officers should be appointed for sorting out matters with the government and agencies. Market access issues are complex. The major market access problems relate to i) non-tariff and para-tariff barriers, ii) stringent quality and standard requirements, iii) stringent rules of origin, iv) labour and environmental standards. Environmental conditionalities are a kind of new protectionism which can hamper market access. Tariff and non-tariff barriers also obstruct market access. Lack of strength in the public institutions The World Bank noted that the lack of strength in the public institutions hinder private sector activities. There is the weakening of sound policy-making and public management, frustration of private entrepreneurship, prevention of competition and rising of corruption due to heavy regulatory and judicial systems and loss-making state-owned enterprise. Private investment can be deterred due because of poorly regulated and undercapitalized commercial banks, problem of telecommunications, infrastructure and law and order problem. Dearth of Skilled Manpower Other constraints include domestic resource scarcity, shortage of skilled labour, and lack of professionalism. There may be lack of skilled manpower in some sectors. Lack of skilled manpower has resulted in under utilization of potential export of services through manpower export as they are catering to only unskilled and semi-skilled needs. Economic growth Economic growth is a long run concept. It is usually defined as an increase in real gross domestic product (GDP), that is, GDP adjusted for inflation. In other words, it is as an increase in the real value of goods and services produced in the economy. For comparing one countrys economic growth to another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used as these take into account population differences between countries. Economic growth can be shown by an outward shift of the Production Possibility Curve (PPC). Economists see dissimilarity between potential and actual growth rates. Potential economic growth represents maximum efficiency with resources. It is determined by the factors of production that a country has as its command. However, actual growth represents resource utilization in practice and shows the result. This is determined by how effectively factors of production available to a nation are developed and combined. There are many factors which determine economic growth in a country. Determinants of economic growth Natural Resources Countries which are gifted with natural resources are expected to have rapid economic growth, assuming that these resources are employed for the production of goods and services. However a large amount of natural resources is not adequate to guarantee economic growth. There are a number of less-developed countries which have high natural resources, but still due to various reasons, they have not been successful in exploiting them. To benefit from economic growth, these natural resources must be converted to useful forms, which will need people to be equipped with appropriate skills. Human Capital Human capital and education are considered to be necessary conditions for economic growth. Lucas (1988) focused on the impact of human capital on long-run growth. The rise in productivity needed for economic growth can be achieved by increasing domestic human resources through education and training. Skills acquisition and the ability to keep on learning throughout the lifecycle are needed to develop individuals. Developing human resources through education and training is considered to be a long term process which will upgrade the innovative capacity of an economy. Apart from affecting factor of production, education and human capital can also have impact on factors such as physical capital and natural resources (Bravo-Ortega and De Gregorio 2002. Azariadis and Drazen (1990) proposed that an economy can experience long-run economic growth if the government designs policies toward the promotion of education and human capital. Lucas (1993) pointed out, the accumulation of human capita l specially, knowledge is a key factor in explaining the growth experiences of countries. Capital Accumulation Capital accumulation refers to buildings, machinery, infrastructure and the amount of tools available to the economy. A necessary prerequisite for economic growth is a large capital stock. Developed countries do spend a significant amount on capital formation. For example, in UK in the year 1998 and 1999, 12% of annual GDP was spent on fixed capital. Capital is a major factor affecting growth. The more an economy has as capital, the more it can produce and the higher will be real income. If there are few machines available, a nation will be able to make fewer goods and services. More machines will mean more income can be generated. Therefore, the larger the capital stock, the larger is the potential income. In short, we can say that investment in capital should increase the productive potential of an economy. Young (1994) found that Asian tigers success resulted from rapid accumulation of capital (through high investment). The Solow model predicts that investment rate is a key determ inant of whether a country is rich or poor. Fingleton (1999) found capital accumulation as being the determinant of European region productivity growth. Technology The most important determinant for an economy to grow is associated to its pace of technological progress. This is because with technology, we can obtain more output from same amount of input as before. Neoclassical economists regarded technological progress as a critical source of economic growth. Romer (1990), Aghion and Howitt (1992), Grossman and Helpman (1994) and Basu and Weil (1998), among others, concentrated on the role of innovation and technological progress on long-run growth. Economies must invest in knowledge just as they must invest in fixed capital. The productivity of capital can be increased if machinery is updated so that firms use the latest technologies available. Technological advances are encouraged when there is investment in research and development. De Long and Summers (1993) has shown that the only variable that have a significant positive effect on growth of less-developed economies is the investment in equipment Technological progress, along with accumula tion of human and capital, is essential in determining a nations rate of growth. For example, the large growth in the U.S. economy during the introduction of the Internet and the technology that it brought to U.S. industry as a whole. The Solow-Swan Growth Model which entailed a series of equations shows the concept of growth as an increased stock of capital goods. According to this view, the role of technological change became crucial, even more important than the accumulation of capital. (e) Openness Openness to international trade accelerates productivity and promotes export as well as economic growth. Romer (1989) stressed on the issue that growth in the volume of trade is positively correlated with the growth of output for a country. Edwards (1993) and Rodriguez and Rodrik (2001) also carried an extensive review of the empirical literature on the growth effects of openness. Increasing importance is being attributed to the opening up of the world economy. Globalization is seen to be good for the Worlds economy. Detailed studies suggest that there is a positive correlation between trade liberalization and an increase in per capita income. In other words, the more an economy is open, the higher is rate of growth. Development in Eastern Europe and the World Trade Organization highlight that during the last twenty years, more and more areas of the world economy have been brought into the competitive market-place. Such openness to trade, investment and competition are clearly import ant determinants to productivity growth. For example until 1858 Japan was inaccessible to world trade. The Japanese Government banished the trade restrictions which allowed trading with the rest of the world. Consequently this had lead to a 65% rise in real national income (Huber, 1971; Husted and Melvin, 2007). FDI Inflow There are various channels through which FDI can positively affect economic growth: technological transfer, capital accumulation, access to international markets, managerial and marketing practices and employment (Lall [2000], Te Velde [2001], Borensztein [1998]). FDI can increase competition which will eventually make domestic companies more efficient and encourage diversification. FDI benefits economic growth at large as it contributes to the domestic accumulation of resources. Many studies have been carried out which demonstrated a positive link between FDI an economic growth. Campos and Kinoshita (2002) examined the effects of FDI on growth for 25 Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union economies and found a positive relationship between them. However there are certain studies which are undertaken that do show any influence of FDI on economic growth for example, Carkovic and Levine (2002), Bacha (1974), Saltz (1992) and Alfaro et al. (2002). Inflation There are many evidence which suggest that sustained high rate of inflation can be detrimental to real economic growth even in the long run. Fisher (1993) found negative links between inflation and growth in pooled cross-section, time series regressions for a large set of countries. Investors may face uncertainty about future profitability of investment projects. Barro (1995) put forward that inflation diminishes the propensity to investment which eventually decreases growth. Inflation may also have a negative impact on the balance of payments as it reduces a countrys international competitiveness by making export dearer. Inflation can affect growth by altering borrowing and lending decisions. However whether inflation is good or bad for economic growth depends on its degree. That is, at lower rates of inflation, the relationship is not significant or even positive; but at higher rates, inflation has a significantly negative effect on growth. In their analysis, Bruno and Easterly (19 98) showed that some countries did not go through adverse consequences even if they were experiencing sustained inflations of 20% to 30%. On the other hand, once the rate of inflation go beyond certain critical level (which Bruno and Easterly estimated to be about 40 %), this causes negative effect to growth. However besides the factors mention above, there are also other factors that affect growth. Non-economic factors such as political and social factors too play an important role. The geographic location of a country may also affect economic growth. Government also can adopt both demand and supply-side measures in order to stimulate economic growth. Factors such as population growth, rapid growth of manufactured exports, stable macroeconomic and institutional environment creating confidence in policy makers, exchange rate, and labour force can affect growth in an economy. Link between economic growth and export diversification Policy-makers have tended to emphasize the potential benefits that export diversification can bring to the host economy. One of the main advantages which has been put forward by economists is that export diversification tends to increase economic growth in the host economy. There has been little empirical research on the relationships between export diversification and economic growth. There are two essential questions that the literature on this matter has tried to answer: Does export diversification affect long run economic growth? Can a country improve its economic performance by exporting different types of goods? (Gutià ©rrez-de-Pià ±eres and Ferrantino, 2000). The primary questions are why do countries diversify their exports and does it always benefit countries economic growth? Export instability can adversely affect growth in an economy. Countries which are dependent on a limited amount of commodities may suffer from export concentration. This is because commodity products are often subject to volatility in market prices leading to swings in foreign exchange revenues. Volatility and instability can thus discourage investment in an economy by risk adverse firms, reduce import capacity, increase macroeconomic uncertainty and thus be detrimental to longer-economic growth. There are several channels through which diversification may influence growth. It is therefore essential to make a difference between horizontal and vertical diversification. Both of them are positively related to economic growth. Horizontal diversification means the alteration of the primary export mix in order to neutralize the volatility of global commodity prices. Horizontal export diversification benefits an economy in such a way that it diminishes dependence on a narrow range of commodities that are subject to major price and volume fluctuations. Dawe 1996, Bleaney Greenaway (2001) discovered that horizontal export diversification may present considerable development benefits as this may lead to well-directed economic planning and also contribute towards investment. Vertical export diversification on the other hand refers to contrive further uses of existing and new innovative commodities using value-added venture such as processing and marketing. The Prebish-Singer thesis is o f the view that a tendency towards declining terms of trade of primary products (Athukurola 2000) may make vertical diversification into manufactures more useful. By highlighting the role of increasing returns to scale and dynamic spillover effects (Amin Gutià ©rrez de Pià ±eres and Ferrantino 2000), the endogenous growth theory suggested that it can be assumed that export diversification affects long-run growth. Export may benefit economic growth through generating positive externalities on non-exports (Feder, 1982), increased scale economies, improved allocative efficiency and better ability to produce dynamic comparative advantage (Sharma and Panagiotidis, 2004). Esfahani (1991) concluded that export enables developing countries to alleviate the import shortage they may face up to. Speaking differently, revenue from exports can fill the foreign exchange gap which is identified as barrier to growth. A number of empirical studies have shown that export diversification is contributing to higher per capita income growth. The main theory is that, compared to nations with concentrated export structures, those countries with more diverse economic structures have greater possibilities to sustain periods of high economic growth. Love (1986) suggest that a country should avoid heavy dependence on limited products as it diminishes a countrys potential of partially offsetting fluctuations in some export sectors with sectors in which stability prevails. In his study, Al-Marhubi (2000) put forward that market investment becomes riskier because instability in export earnings is a main cause of economic uncertainty in many commodity-exporting nations. In other words, this may adversely affect investments and in turn negatively impact economic growth. Using a cross-country sample of 91 countries for the period of 1961-88, Al Marhubi concluded that there is a positive and strong relationship bet ween export diversification and economic growth. His regression was undertaken by adding different variables affecting export concentration to the basic growth equation. Regressions on cross-sections of countries (Sachs and Warner 1995, or more recently Gylfason 2004) and panels (de Ferranti et al. 2002) proposed that export concentration is certainly statistically related with slow growth, mostly when export concentration reflects the high proportion of primary products. A broad literature review on export diversification and economic growth was offered by Hesse (2008), where he estimated a simple augmented Solow growth model to examine the connection between export diversification and income per capita growth. There was strong support in Hesses findings that export concentration, measured by a Herfindahl index, is harmful to economic growth in developing countries. The relationship between a countrys productivity and sectoral export variety was studied by Feenstra and Kee (2004). From an estimation of a translog GDP function system for a sample of 34 countries going from 1984 to 1997, they found that a 10 percent boost in export variety of all industries leads to a 1.3 percent increase a countrys productivity. Moreover another model of export diversification and economic growth was developed by Agosin (2007) where countries which lack technology, expand their comparative advantage by learning from and adapting to existing products. The cross-sectional regression of Agosin (2007) found that export diversification strongly affect economic growth. In addition, models in the product life cycle literature (Vernon, 1966; Krugman, 1979; Grossman and Helpman, 1991) gained variety of export products by advancement made by the North and consequently the South adopting and exporting the products from countries where labour cost are low. In his cross-country panel model, Lederman and Maloney (2007) concluded that one cause of diminution in growth prospects is the concentrations in export earnings. The advantages of export diversification for economic growth have been examined both empirically and theoretically in a new literature by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003), Hausmann, Hwang, and Rodrik (2006), and H ausmann and Klinger (2006). Their studies demonstrated that comparative advantage do not lead to economic growth. Instead, growth is achieved when countries diversify their investments into new or a range of activities. The model of Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) explained that there are various uncertainties related to cost in the production of new goods. They believed that the government should help in industrial growth and structural transformation by encouraging entrepreneurship and providing incentives to motivate entrepreneurs to invest in a new range of activities. Hausmann, Hwang, and Rodrik (2006) developed an indicator (EXPY) that determines the productivity level related with a countrys export basket. This measure is significantly affecting economic growth. Faster growth is achieved by countries that produce high-productivity goods than countries with poorer productivity growth. Economic growth is experienced when a country shift its resources from lower-productivity to highe r productivity goods with elastic demand of these goo